/usr/bin/diffoscope --timeout 7200 --html /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8.diffoscope.html --text /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8.diffoscope.txt --json /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8.diffoscope.json --profile=- /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/b1/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.changes /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/b2/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8

⊟

526 KB

/srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/b1/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.changes vs.

/srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.ZGf3tTlJ/b2/pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.changes ¶

⊟

524 B

Files ¶


Offset 1, 5 lines modified		Offset 1, 5 lines modified

1	·~~6b97b409cc~~7~~646b0c8d0e963ec08c4c0~~·1079~~4448~~·doc·optional·python-pandas-doc_2.2.3+dfsg-8_all.deb	1	·c40ce271b5771565565e4c5f5d9e97b6·10795780·doc·optional·python-pandas-doc_2.2.3+dfsg-8_all.deb
2	·becffddde344b2e6fa22306930989191·35987996·debug·optional·python3-pandas-lib-dbgsym_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.deb	2	·becffddde344b2e6fa22306930989191·35987996·debug·optional·python3-pandas-lib-dbgsym_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.deb
3	·69a552ffe39e45363503df097e2d5e56·4595916·python·optional·python3-pandas-lib_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.deb	3	·69a552ffe39e45363503df097e2d5e56·4595916·python·optional·python3-pandas-lib_2.2.3+dfsg-8_amd64.deb
4	·1e5595970bd1bbf475de7213b75d2d1d·3096900·python·optional·python3-pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8_all.deb	4	·1e5595970bd1bbf475de7213b75d2d1d·3096900·python·optional·python3-pandas_2.2.3+dfsg-8_all.deb

⊟

525 KB

python-pandas-doc_2.2.3+dfsg-8_all.deb ¶

⊟

367 B

file list ¶


Offset 1, 3 lines modified		Offset 1, 3 lines modified
1	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0········4·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·debian-binary	1	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0········4·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·debian-binary
2	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0···147384·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·control.tar.xz	2	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0···147384·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·control.tar.xz
3	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0·1064~~6872~~·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·data.tar.xz	3	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0·10648204·2025-02-01·18:39:17.000000·data.tar.xz

⊟

604 B

control.tar.xz ¶

⊟

576 B

control.tar ¶

⊟

506 B

./control ¶


Offset 1, 13 lines modified		Offset 1, 13 lines modified
1	Package:·python-pandas-doc	1	Package:·python-pandas-doc
2	Source:·pandas	2	Source:·pandas
3	Version:·2.2.3+dfsg-8	3	Version:·2.2.3+dfsg-8
4	Architecture:·all	4	Architecture:·all
5	Maintainer:·Debian·Science·Team·<debian-science-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>	5	Maintainer:·Debian·Science·Team·<debian-science-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
6	Installed-Size:·209~~896~~	6	Installed-Size:·209901
7	Depends:·libjs-sphinxdoc·(>=·8.1),·libjs-mathjax	7	Depends:·libjs-sphinxdoc·(>=·8.1),·libjs-mathjax
8	Suggests:·python3-pandas	8	Suggests:·python3-pandas
9	Section:·doc	9	Section:·doc
10	Priority:·optional	10	Priority:·optional
11	Multi-Arch:·foreign	11	Multi-Arch:·foreign
12	Homepage:·https://pandas.pydata.org/	12	Homepage:·https://pandas.pydata.org/
13	Description:·data·structures·for·"relational"·or·"labeled"·data·-·documentation	13	Description:·data·structures·for·"relational"·or·"labeled"·data·-·documentation

⊟

48.0 B

./md5sums ¶

⊟

30.0 B

./md5sums ¶

Files differ

⊟

524 KB

data.tar.xz ¶

⊟

524 KB

data.tar ¶

⊟

13.8 KB

file list ¶

⊟

83.0 KB

./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/searchindex.js ¶

⊟

82.8 KB

js-beautify {} ¶


Offset 21510, 28 lines modified		Offset 21510, 28 lines modified
21510	········"003494":·15,	21510	········"003494":·15,
21511	········"003507":·[2209,·2218],	21511	········"003507":·[2209,·2218],
21512	········"003556":·2207,	21512	········"003556":·2207,
21513	········"00360":·2294,	21513	········"00360":·2294,
21514	········"003733":·2207,	21514	········"003733":·2207,
21515	········"003932":·2216,	21515	········"003932":·2216,
21516	········"003945":·2210,	21516	········"003945":·2210,
21517	········"004":·[2186,·2~~193,·2~~227],	21517	········"004":·[2186,·2227],
21518	········"004000":·2232,	21518	········"004000":·2232,
21519	········"004005006":·[287,·939],	21519	········"004005006":·[287,·939],
21520	········"004054":·2229,	21520	········"004054":·2229,
21521	········"004091":·[2204,·2257],	21521	········"004091":·[2204,·2257],
21522	········"004127":·2207,	21522	········"004127":·2207,
21523	········"004194":·2186,	21523	········"004194":·2186,
21524	········"004201":·2186,	21524	········"004201":·2186,
21525	········"004229":·2186,	21525	········"004229":·2186,
21526	········"004474":·2184,	21526	········"004474":·2184,
21527	········"004580":·2210,	21527	········"004580":·2210,
21528	········"00486":·30,	21528	········"00486":·30,
21529	········"004956":·2207,	21529	········"004956":·2207,
21530	········"005":·~~[2193,·~~2209],	21530	········"005":·2209,
21531	········"005000":·2218,	21531	········"005000":·2218,
21532	········"005361":·2207,	21532	········"005361":·2207,
21533	········"005383":·2220,	21533	········"005383":·2220,
21534	········"005446":·2219,	21534	········"005446":·2219,
21535	········"005462":·2191,	21535	········"005462":·2191,
21536	········"005977":·2199,	21536	········"005977":·2199,
21537	········"005979":·2186,	21537	········"005979":·2186,
Offset 21549, 23 lines modified		Offset 21549, 21 lines modified
21549	········"007200":·2184,	21549	········"007200":·2184,
21550	········"007207":·[2184,·2214],	21550	········"007207":·[2184,·2214],
21551	········"007717":·2199,	21551	········"007717":·2199,
21552	········"007824":·15,	21552	········"007824":·15,
21553	········"007952":·2207,	21553	········"007952":·2207,
21554	········"007996":·2186,	21554	········"007996":·2186,
21555	········"007f":·203,	21555	········"007f":·203,
21556	········"008":·2193,
21557	········"008182":·2204,	21556	········"008182":·2204,
21558	········"008298":·2186,	21557	········"008298":·2186,
21559	········"008344":·2207,	21558	········"008344":·2207,
21560	········"008358":·2207,	21559	········"008358":·2207,
21561	········"008500":·15,	21560	········"008500":·15,
21562	········"008543":·[102,·1158],	21561	········"008543":·[102,·1158],
21563	········"008943":·[102,·1158],	21562	········"008943":·[102,·1158],
21564	········"009":·2193,
21565	········"009059":·2191,	21563	········"009059":·2191,
21566	········"009207":·2207,	21564	········"009207":·2207,
21567	········"009420":·2195,	21565	········"009420":·2195,
21568	········"009424":·2207,	21566	········"009424":·2207,
21569	········"009572":·2207,	21567	········"009572":·2207,
21570	········"009673":·2195,	21568	········"009673":·2195,
21571	········"009783":·2207,	21569	········"009783":·2207,
Offset 21649, 27 lines modified		Offset 21647, 26 lines modified
21649	········"018193":·2207,	21647	········"018193":·2207,
21650	········"018409":·2207,	21648	········"018409":·2207,
21651	········"018601":·[2184,·2214],	21649	········"018601":·[2184,·2214],
21652	········"018808":·2207,	21650	········"018808":·2207,
21653	········"018904":·2207,	21651	········"018904":·2207,
21654	········"018941":·2207,	21652	········"018941":·2207,
21655	········"018993":·2214,	21653	········"018993":·2214,
21656	········"019":·~~[2193,·~~2207],	21654	········"019":·2207,
21657	········"019449":·2207,	21655	········"019449":·2207,
21658	········"019794":·2197,	21656	········"019794":·2197,
21659	········"01t00":·[2163,·2199,·2210,·2235,·2246,·2261],	21657	········"01t00":·[2163,·2199,·2210,·2235,·2246,·2261],
21660	········"01t01":·2210,	21658	········"01t01":·2210,
21661	········"01t03":·2210,	21659	········"01t03":·2210,
21662	········"01t05":·[909,·2210,·2235],	21660	········"01t05":·[909,·2210,·2235],
21663	········"01t07":·1280,	21661	········"01t07":·1280,
21664	········"01t10":·1005,	21662	········"01t10":·1005,
21665	········"01t12":·953,	21663	········"01t12":·953,
21666	········"01t23":·[893,·2186,·2246],	21664	········"01t23":·[893,·2186,·2246],
21667	········"02":·[13,·16,·17,·19,·26,·27,·29,·31,·79,·80,·82,·133,·182,·183,·202,·207,·208,·213,·218,·230,·261,·271,·276,·277,·278,·286,·287,·288,·289,·290,·291,·292,·293,·294,·295,·296,·299,·301,·304,·305,·306,·307,·310,·312,·313,·314,·318,·319,·320,·321,·322,·323,·324,·326,·327,·329,·330,·331,·332,·345,·362,·363,·423,·519,·534,·536,·542,·543,·544,·545,·546,·547,·548,·549,·557,·558,·562,·563,·564,·565,·566,·575,·591,·592,·593,·637,·639,·640,·641,·642,·643,·644,·645,·646,·647,·649,·650,·651,·652,·654,·656,·657,·658,·659,·665,·666,·667,·673,·674,·675,·677,·678,·679,·680,·684,·685,·686,·688,·708,·760,·761,·781,·782,·788,·793,·804,·893,·899,·902,·903,·904,·919,·939,·940,·943,·945,·948,·949,·953,·957,·970,·997,·1014,·1051,·1075,·1118,·1122,·1141,·1144,·1145,·1147,·1157,·1170,·1171,·1176,·1180,·1185,·1192,·1195,·1197,·1206,·1214,·1227,·1228,·1233,·1239,·1245,·1246,·1253,·1256,·1258,·1268,·1269,·1270,·1271,·1272,·1273,·1274,·1275,·1277,·1278,·1279,·1280,·1282,·1283,·1284,·1285,·1287,·1288,·1289,·1290,·1291,·1292,·1293,·1294,·1295,·1297,·1344,·1393,·1452,·1498,·1500,·1506,·1542,·1620,·1699,·1815,·1947,·2054,·2127,·2145,·2184,·2185,·2186,·2188,·2191,·2195,·2197,·2199,·2201,·2204,·2205,·2207,·2209,·2210,·2212,·2213,·2214,·2215,·2216,·2217,·2218,·2220,·2222,·2223,·2225,·2226,·2228,·2229,·2230,·2231,·2232,·2235,·2238,·2240,·2241,·2246,·2261,·2264,·2265,·2271,·2283,·2294,·2298,·2301,·2307],	21665	········"02":·[13,·16,·17,·19,·26,·27,·29,·31,·79,·80,·82,·133,·182,·183,·202,·207,·208,·213,·218,·230,·261,·271,·276,·277,·278,·286,·287,·288,·289,·290,·291,·292,·293,·294,·295,·296,·299,·301,·304,·305,·306,·307,·310,·312,·313,·314,·318,·319,·320,·321,·322,·323,·324,·326,·327,·329,·330,·331,·332,·345,·362,·363,·423,·519,·534,·536,·542,·543,·544,·545,·546,·547,·548,·549,·557,·558,·562,·563,·564,·565,·566,·575,·591,·592,·593,·637,·639,·640,·641,·642,·643,·644,·645,·646,·647,·649,·650,·651,·652,·654,·656,·657,·658,·659,·665,·666,·667,·673,·674,·675,·677,·678,·679,·680,·684,·685,·686,·688,·708,·760,·761,·781,·782,·788,·793,·804,·893,·899,·902,·903,·904,·919,·939,·940,·943,·945,·948,·949,·953,·957,·970,·997,·1014,·1051,·1075,·1118,·1122,·1141,·1144,·1145,·1147,·1157,·1170,·1171,·1176,·1180,·1185,·1192,·1195,·1197,·1206,·1214,·1227,·1228,·1233,·1239,·1245,·1246,·1253,·1256,·1258,·1268,·1269,·1270,·1271,·1272,·1273,·1274,·1275,·1277,·1278,·1279,·1280,·1282,·1283,·1284,·1285,·1287,·1288,·1289,·1290,·1291,·1292,·1293,·1294,·1295,·1297,·1344,·1393,·1452,·1498,·1500,·1506,·1542,·1620,·1699,·1815,·1947,·2054,·2127,·2145,·2184,·2185,·2186,·2188,·2191,·2195,·2197,·2199,·2201,·2204,·2205,·2207,·2209,·2210,·2212,·2213,·2214,·2215,·2216,·2217,·2218,·2220,·2222,·2223,·2225,·2226,·2228,·2229,·2230,·2231,·2232,·2235,·2238,·2240,·2241,·2246,·2261,·2264,·2265,·2271,·2283,·2294,·2298,·2301,·2307],
21668	········"020":·2193,
21669	········"0200":·[957,·969,·970,·997,·1498,·2210],	21666	········"0200":·[957,·969,·970,·997,·1498,·2210],
21670	········"020161":·[102,·1158],	21667	········"020161":·[102,·1158],
21671	········"020208":·2195,	21668	········"020208":·2195,
21672	········"020376":·2207,	21669	········"020376":·2207,
21673	········"020399":·2195,	21670	········"020399":·2195,
21674	········"020485":·2207,	21671	········"020485":·2207,
21675	········"020544":·2186,	21672	········"020544":·2186,
Offset 21727, 15 lines modified		Offset 21724, 15 lines modified
21727	········"028152":·2207,	21724	········"028152":·2207,
21728	········"028166":·15,	21725	········"028166":·15,
21729	········"028182":·2207,	21726	········"028182":·2207,
21730	········"028578":·2207,	21727	········"028578":·2207,
21731	········"028603":·2195,	21728	········"028603":·2195,
21732	········"028662":·28,	21729	········"028662":·28,
21733	········"028665":·15,	21730	········"028665":·15,
21734	········"029":·[2186,·2~~193,·2~~227],	21731	········"029":·[2186,·2227],
21735	········"029302":·2191,	21732	········"029302":·2191,
21736	········"029399":·2184,	21733	········"029399":·2184,
21737	········"029582":·2207,	21734	········"029582":·2207,
21738	········"029587":·2193,	21735	········"029587":·2193,
21739	········"029630":·2195,	21736	········"029630":·2195,
21740	········"029766":·2197,	21737	········"029766":·2197,
21741	········"02d":·2205,	21738	········"02d":·2205,
Offset 21907, 14 lines modified		Offset 21904, 15 lines modified
21907	········"050498":·2207,	21904	········"050498":·2207,
21908	········"051514":·2186,	21905	········"051514":·2186,
21909	········"051539":·2235,	21906	········"051539":·2235,
21910	········"051686":·2186,	21907	········"051686":·2186,
21911	········"051694":·2197,	21908	········"051694":·2197,
21912	········"051824":·2207,	21909	········"051824":·2207,
21913	········"051928":·2186,	21910	········"051928":·2186,
		21911	········"052":·2193,
21914	········"052021":·2210,	21912	········"052021":·2210,
21915	········"052127":·2207,	21913	········"052127":·2207,
21916	········"052580":·2195,	21914	········"052580":·2195,
21917	········"052589":·2193,	21915	········"052589":·2193,
21918	········"052599":·2186,	21916	········"052599":·2186,
21919	········"052721":·2219,	21917	········"052721":·2219,
21920	········"052849":·2212,	21918	········"052849":·2212,
Offset 21924, 14 lines modified		Offset 21922, 15 lines modified
21924	········"053667":·2207,	21922	········"053667":·2207,
21925	········"053768":·2199,	21923	········"053768":·2199,
21926	········"053785":·2219,	21924	········"053785":·2219,
21927	········"054325":·2191,	21925	········"054325":·2191,
21928	········"0549":·2202,	21926	········"0549":·2202,
21929	········"054932":·2207,	21927	········"054932":·2207,
21930	········"054972":·2207,	21928	········"054972":·2207,
		21929	········"055":·2193,
21931	········"055224":·2184,	21930	········"055224":·2184,
21932	········"055300":·2212,	21931	········"055300":·2212,
21933	········"055457":·2199,	21932	········"055457":·2199,
21934	········"055473":·2235,	21933	········"055473":·2235,
21935	········"055501":·2207,	21934	········"055501":·2207,
21936	········"055556":·[69,·109,·129,·171,·173,·182,·199,·204,·206,·215,·216,·217,·220,·221,·222,·244,·275,·760],	21935	········"055556":·[69,·109,·129,·171,·173,·182,·199,·204,·206,·215,·216,·217,·220,·221,·222,·244,·275,·760],
Max diff block lines reached; 79884/84809 bytes (94.19%) of diff not shown.

⊟

4.62 KB

./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/advanced.html ¶


Offset 1847, 26 lines modified		Offset 1847, 25 lines modified
1847	<span·class="gp">In·[141]:·</span><span·class="n">indexer</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">arange</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">10000</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1847	<span·class="gp">In·[141]:·</span><span·class="n">indexer</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">arange</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">10000</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1848	<span·class="gp">In·[142]:·</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">shuffle</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">indexer</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1848	<span·class="gp">In·[142]:·</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">shuffle</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">indexer</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1849	<span·class="gp">In·[143]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr[indexer]	1849	<span·class="gp">In·[143]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr[indexer]
1850	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)	1850	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)
1851	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1851	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
1852	<span·class="go">~~The·slowe~~st·run·t~~ook~~·5.75·times·lon~~ger·th~~an·the·fastest.~~·This~~·~~coul~~d·mean·that·an·~~inte~~r~~mediate~~·~~resu~~l~~t·i~~s·be~~ing·c~~ached.</span>	1852	<span·class="go">3.07·ms·+-·323·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)</span>
1853	<span·class="go">~~440~~·us·+-·~~381~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1,000·loops·each)</span>	1853	<span·class="go">634·us·+-·212·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1,000·loops·each)</span>
1854	<span·class="go">95.1·us·+-·5.13·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10,000·loops·each)</span>
1855	</pre></div>	1854	</pre></div>
1856	</div>	1855	</div>
1857	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[144]:·</span><span·class="n">ser</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">arr</span><span·class="p">[:,</span>·<span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">])</span>	1856	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[144]:·</span><span·class="n">ser</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">arr</span><span·class="p">[:,</span>·<span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">])</span>

1858	<span·class="gp">In·[145]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.iloc[indexer]	1857	<span·class="gp">In·[145]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.iloc[indexer]
1859	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.take(indexer)	1858	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.take(indexer)
1860	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1859	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
		1860	<span·class="go">3.37·ms·+-·505·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)</span>
1861	<span·class="go">~~160~~·us·+-·8~~.46~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1~~0,0~~00·loops·each)</span>	1861	<span·class="go">3.76·ms·+-·678·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)</span>
1862	<span·class="go">143·us·+-·1.9·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10,000·loops·each)</span>
1863	</pre></div>	1862	</pre></div>
1864	</div>	1863	</div>
1865	</section>	1864	</section>
1866	<section·id="index-types">	1865	<section·id="index-types">
1867	<span·id="advanced-index-types"></span><h2>Index·types<a·class="headerlink"·href="#index-types"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h2>	1866	<span·id="advanced-index-types"></span><h2>Index·types<a·class="headerlink"·href="#index-types"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h2>
1868	<p>We·have·discussed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">MultiIndex</span></code>·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.	1867	<p>We·have·discussed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">MultiIndex</span></code>·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.
1869	Documentation·about·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DatetimeIndex</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">PeriodIndex</span></code>·are·shown·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="timeseries.html#timeseries-overview"><span·class="std·std-ref">here</span></a>,	1868	Documentation·about·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DatetimeIndex</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">PeriodIndex</span></code>·are·shown·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="timeseries.html#timeseries-overview"><span·class="std·std-ref">here</span></a>,

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Offset 110, 32 lines modified		Offset 110, 32 lines modified
110	···...:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N	110	···...:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N
111	···...:·····for·i·in·range(N):	111	···...:·····for·i·in·range(N):
112	···...:·········s·+=·f(a·+·i·*·dx)	112	···...:·········s·+=·f(a·+·i·*·dx)
113	···...:·····return·s·*·dx	113	···...:·····return·s·*·dx
114	···...:	114	···...:
115	We·achieve·our·result·by·using·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8a_\x8p_\x8p_\x8l_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)·(row-wise):	115	We·achieve·our·result·by·using·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8a_\x8p_\x8p_\x8l_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)·(row-wise):
116	In·[5]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)	116	In·[5]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)
117	73.~~9·m~~s·+-·~~3.3~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	117	1.06·s·+-·161·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)
118	Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation·using	118	Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation·using
119	the·_\x8p_\x8r_\x8u_\x8n_\x8·_\x8i_\x8p_\x8y_\x8t_\x8h_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8m_\x8a_\x8g_\x8i_\x8c_\x8·_\x8f_\x8u_\x8n_\x8c_\x8t_\x8i_\x8o_\x8n:	119	the·_\x8p_\x8r_\x8u_\x8n_\x8·_\x8i_\x8p_\x8y_\x8t_\x8h_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8m_\x8a_\x8g_\x8i_\x8c_\x8·_\x8f_\x8u_\x8n_\x8c_\x8t_\x8i_\x8o_\x8n:
120	#·most·time·consuming·4·calls	120	#·most·time·consuming·4·calls
121	In·[6]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),	121	In·[6]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),
122	axis=1)··#·noqa·E999	122	axis=1)··#·noqa·E999
123	·········605946·function·calls·(605928·primitive·calls)·in·0.~~240~~·seconds	123	·········605946·function·calls·(605928·primitive·calls)·in·3.519·seconds

124	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	124	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
125	···List·reduced·from·159·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	125	···List·reduced·from·159·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

126	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	126	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
127	·····1000····0.~~147~~····0.000····0.~~209~~····0.000·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1	127	·····1000····1.890····0.002····2.710····0.003·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1
128	(integrate_f)	128	(integrate_f)
129	···552423····0.~~063~~····0.000····0.~~063~~····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1	129	···552423····0.820····0.000····0.820····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1
130	(f)	130	(f)
131	·····3000····0.~~005~~····0.000····0.~~020~~····0.000·s~~eri~~es.py:~~1095~~(__getit~~em__~~)	131	·····3000····0.140····0.000····0.141····0.000·base.py:3777(get_loc)
132	·····3000····0.~~003~~····0.000····0.~~009~~····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)	132	·····3000····0.134····0.000····0.321····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)
133	By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·integrate_f·or·f,·hence	133	By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·integrate_f·or·f,·hence
134	we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.	134	we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.
135	\x8\x8\x8\x8·P\x8Pl\x8la\x8ai\x8in\x8n·C\x8Cy\x8yt\x8th\x8ho\x8on\x8n_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	135	\x8\x8\x8\x8·P\x8Pl\x8la\x8ai\x8in\x8n·C\x8Cy\x8yt\x8th\x8ho\x8on\x8n_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
136	First·we’re·going·to·need·to·import·the·Cython·magic·function·to·IPython:	136	First·we’re·going·to·need·to·import·the·Cython·magic·function·to·IPython:
137	In·[7]:·%load_ext·Cython	137	In·[7]:·%load_ext·Cython
138	Now,·let’s·simply·copy·our·functions·over·to·Cython:	138	Now,·let’s·simply·copy·our·functions·over·to·Cython:
139	In·[8]:·%%cython	139	In·[8]:·%%cython
Offset 146, 15 lines modified		Offset 146, 15 lines modified
146	···...:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N	146	···...:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N
147	···...:·····for·i·in·range(N):	147	···...:·····for·i·in·range(N):
148	···...:·········s·+=·f_plain(a·+·i·*·dx)	148	···...:·········s·+=·f_plain(a·+·i·*·dx)
149	···...:·····return·s·*·dx	149	···...:·····return·s·*·dx
150	···...:	150	···...:
151	In·[9]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_plain(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),	151	In·[9]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_plain(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),
152	axis=1)	152	axis=1)
153	69.3·ms·+-·~~225~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	153	783·ms·+-·99.7·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)
154	This·has·improved·the·performance·compared·to·the·pure·Python·approach·by·one-	154	This·has·improved·the·performance·compared·to·the·pure·Python·approach·by·one-
155	third.	155	third.
156	\x8\x8\x8\x8·D\x8De\x8ec\x8cl\x8la\x8ar\x8ri\x8in\x8ng\x8g·C\x8C·t\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	156	\x8\x8\x8\x8·D\x8De\x8ec\x8cl\x8la\x8ar\x8ri\x8in\x8ng\x8g·C\x8C·t\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
157	We·can·annotate·the·function·variables·and·return·types·as·well·as·use·cdef·and	157	We·can·annotate·the·function·variables·and·return·types·as·well·as·use·cdef·and
158	cpdef·to·improve·performance:	158	cpdef·to·improve·performance:
159	In·[10]:·%%cython	159	In·[10]:·%%cython
160	···....:·cdef·double·f_typed(double·x)·except?·-2:	160	···....:·cdef·double·f_typed(double·x)·except?·-2:
Offset 166, 35 lines modified		Offset 166, 34 lines modified
166	···....:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N	166	···....:·····dx·=·(b·-·a)·/·N
167	···....:·····for·i·in·range(N):	167	···....:·····for·i·in·range(N):
168	···....:·········s·+=·f_typed(a·+·i·*·dx)	168	···....:·········s·+=·f_typed(a·+·i·*·dx)
169	···....:·····return·s·*·dx	169	···....:·····return·s·*·dx
170	···....:	170	···....:
171	In·[11]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),	171	In·[11]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),
172	axis=1)	172	axis=1)
173	9~~.29~~·ms·+-·30.4·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)	173	185·ms·+-·11.1·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)
174	Annotating·the·functions·with·C·types·yields·an·over·ten·times·performance	174	Annotating·the·functions·with·C·types·yields·an·over·ten·times·performance
175	improvement·compared·to·the·original·Python·implementation.	175	improvement·compared·to·the·original·Python·implementation.
176	\x8\x8\x8\x8·U\x8Us\x8si\x8in\x8ng\x8g·n\x8nd\x8da\x8ar\x8rr\x8ra\x8ay\x8y_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	176	\x8\x8\x8\x8·U\x8Us\x8si\x8in\x8ng\x8g·n\x8nd\x8da\x8ar\x8rr\x8ra\x8ay\x8y_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
177	When·re-profiling,·time·is·spent·creating·a·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s·from·each·row,·and·calling	177	When·re-profiling,·time·is·spent·creating·a·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s·from·each·row,·and·calling
178	__getitem__·from·both·the·index·and·the·series·(three·times·for·each·row).	178	__getitem__·from·both·the·index·and·the·series·(three·times·for·each·row).
179	These·Python·function·calls·are·expensive·and·can·be·improved·by·passing·an	179	These·Python·function·calls·are·expensive·and·can·be·improved·by·passing·an
180	np.ndarray.	180	np.ndarray.
181	In·[12]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x["a"],·x["b"],·x	181	In·[12]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x["a"],·x["b"],·x
182	["N"]),·axis=1)	182	["N"]),·axis=1)
183	·········52523·function·calls·(52505·primitive·calls)·in·0.~~029~~·seconds	183	·········52523·function·calls·(52505·primitive·calls)·in·0.472·seconds

184	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	184	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
185	···List·reduced·from·157·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	185	···List·reduced·from·157·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

186	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	186	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
		187	·····3000····0.065····0.000····0.065····0.000·base.py:3777(get_loc)
		188	·····1001····0.059····0.000····0.142····0.000·apply.py:1247(series_generator)
		189	·····3000····0.055····0.000····0.126····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)
187	·····3000····0.005····0.000····0.~~019~~····0.000·series.py:1095(__getitem__)	190	·····3000····0.052····0.000····0.234····0.000·series.py:1095(__getitem__)
188	·····3000····0.003····0.000····0.008····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)
189	····16098····0.003····0.000····0.004····0.000·{built-in·method
190	builtins.isinstance}
191	·····3000····0.003····0.000····0.003····0.000·base.py:3777(get_loc)
192	In·[13]:·%%cython	191	In·[13]:·%%cython
193	···....:·cimport·numpy·as·np	192	···....:·cimport·numpy·as·np
194	···....:·import·numpy·as·np	193	···....:·import·numpy·as·np
195	···....:·cdef·double·f_typed(double·x)·except?·-2:	194	···....:·cdef·double·f_typed(double·x)·except?·-2:
196	···....:·····return·x·*·(x·-·1)	195	···....:·····return·x·*·(x·-·1)
197	···....:·cpdef·double·integrate_f_typed(double·a,·double·b,·int·N):	196	···....:·cpdef·double·integrate_f_typed(double·a,·double·b,·int·N):
198	···....:·····cdef·int·i	197	···....:·····cdef·int·i
Offset 235, 31 lines modified		Offset 234, 31 lines modified
235	This·implementation·creates·an·array·of·zeros·and·inserts·the·result·of	234	This·implementation·creates·an·array·of·zeros·and·inserts·the·result·of
236	integrate_f_typed·applied·over·each·row.·Looping·over·an·ndarray·is·faster·in	235	integrate_f_typed·applied·over·each·row.·Looping·over·an·ndarray·is·faster·in
237	Cython·than·looping·over·a·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s·object.	236	Cython·than·looping·over·a·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s·object.
238	Since·apply_integrate_f·is·typed·to·accept·an·np.ndarray,·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s_\x8._\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8p_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)	237	Since·apply_integrate_f·is·typed·to·accept·an·np.ndarray,·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s_\x8._\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8p_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)
239	calls·are·needed·to·utilize·this·function.	238	calls·are·needed·to·utilize·this·function.
240	In·[14]:·%timeit·apply_integrate_f(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),·df	239	In·[14]:·%timeit·apply_integrate_f(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),·df
241	["N"].to_numpy())	240	["N"].to_numpy())
242	1.3·ms·+-·12.8·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1,000·loops·each)	241	12.4·ms·+-·2.77·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)
243	Performance·has·improved·from·the·prior·implementation·by·almost·ten·times.	242	Performance·has·improved·from·the·prior·implementation·by·almost·ten·times.
244	\x8\x8\x8\x8·D\x8Di\x8is\x8sa\x8ab\x8bl\x8li\x8in\x8ng\x8g·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pi\x8il\x8le\x8er\x8r·d\x8di\x8ir\x8re\x8ec\x8ct\x8ti\x8iv\x8ve\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	243	\x8\x8\x8\x8·D\x8Di\x8is\x8sa\x8ab\x8bl\x8li\x8in\x8ng\x8g·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pi\x8il\x8le\x8er\x8r·d\x8di\x8ir\x8re\x8ec\x8ct\x8ti\x8iv\x8ve\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
245	The·majority·of·the·time·is·now·spent·in·apply_integrate_f.·Disabling·Cython’s	244	The·majority·of·the·time·is·now·spent·in·apply_integrate_f.·Disabling·Cython’s
246	boundscheck·and·wraparound·checks·can·yield·more·performance.	245	boundscheck·and·wraparound·checks·can·yield·more·performance.
247	In·[15]:·%prun·-l·4·apply_integrate_f(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),	246	In·[15]:·%prun·-l·4·apply_integrate_f(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),
248	df["N"].to_numpy())	247	df["N"].to_numpy())
249	·········78·function·calls·in·0.002·seconds	248	·········78·function·calls·in·0.003·seconds

250	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	249	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
251	···List·reduced·from·21·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	250	···List·reduced·from·21·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

252	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	251	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
253	········1····0.002····0.002····0.002····0.002·<string>:1(<module>)	252	········1····0.003····0.003····0.003····0.003·<string>:1(<module>)
254	········1····0.000····0.000····0.000····0.000·{method·'disable'·of	253	········1····0.000····0.000····0.000····0.000·{method·'disable'·of
255	'_lsprof.Profiler'·objects}	254	'_lsprof.Profiler'·objects}
256	········1····0.000····0.000····0.002····0.002·{built-in·method·builtins.exec}	255	········1····0.000····0.000····0.003····0.003·{built-in·method·builtins.exec}
257	········3····0.000····0.000····0.000····0.000·frame.py:4062(__getitem__)	256	········3····0.000····0.000····0.000····0.000·frame.py:4062(__getitem__)
258	In·[16]:·%%cython	257	In·[16]:·%%cython
259	···....:·cimport·cython	258	···....:·cimport·cython
260	···....:·cimport·numpy·as·np	259	···....:·cimport·numpy·as·np
261	···....:·import·numpy·as·np	260	···....:·import·numpy·as·np
262	···....:·cdef·np.float64_t·f_typed(np.float64_t·x)·except?·-2:	261	···....:·cdef·np.float64_t·f_typed(np.float64_t·x)·except?·-2:
263	···....:·····return·x·*·(x·-·1)	262	···....:·····return·x·*·(x·-·1)
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298	/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/python3-numpy/numpy/_core/include/numpy/	297	/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/python3-numpy/numpy/_core/include/numpy/
299	npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2:·warning:·#warning·"Using·deprecated·NumPy·API,	298	npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2:·warning:·#warning·"Using·deprecated·NumPy·API,
300	disable·it·with·"·"#define·NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API·NPY_1_7_API_VERSION"·[-Wcpp]	299	disable·it·with·"·"#define·NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API·NPY_1_7_API_VERSION"·[-Wcpp]
301	···17·\|·#warning·"Using·deprecated·NumPy·API,·disable·it·with·"·\	300	···17·\|·#warning·"Using·deprecated·NumPy·API,·disable·it·with·"·\
302	······\|··^~~~~~~	301	······\|··^~~~~~~
303	In·[17]:·%timeit·apply_integrate_f_wrap(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),	302	In·[17]:·%timeit·apply_integrate_f_wrap(df["a"].to_numpy(),·df["b"].to_numpy(),
304	df["N"].to_numpy())	303	df["N"].to_numpy())
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644	···....:·files·=·pathlib.Path("data/timeseries/").glob("ts*.parquet")	644	···....:·files·=·pathlib.Path("data/timeseries/").glob("ts*.parquet")
645	···....:·counts·=·pd.Series(dtype=int)	645	···....:·counts·=·pd.Series(dtype=int)
646	···....:·for·path·in·files:	646	···....:·for·path·in·files:
647	···....:·····df·=·pd.read_parquet(path)	647	···....:·····df·=·pd.read_parquet(path)
648	···....:·····counts·=·counts.add(df["name"].value_counts(),·fill_value=0)	648	···....:·····counts·=·counts.add(df["name"].value_counts(),·fill_value=0)
649	···....:·counts.astype(int)	649	···....:·counts.astype(int)
650	···....:	650	···....:
651	CPU·times:·user·417·us,·sys:·277·us,·total:·694·us	651	CPU·times:·user·0·ns,·sys:·2·ms,·total:·2·ms
652	Wall·time:·704·us	652	Wall·time:·10·ms
653	Out[32]:·Series([],·dtype:·int64)	653	Out[32]:·Series([],·dtype:·int64)
654	Some·readers,·like·_\x8p_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8a_\x8s_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8),·offer·parameters·to·control·the·chunksize	654	Some·readers,·like·_\x8p_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8a_\x8s_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8),·offer·parameters·to·control·the·chunksize
655	when·reading·a·single·file.	655	when·reading·a·single·file.
656	Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t·require·too	656	Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t·require·too
657	sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·_\x8p_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8a_\x8s_\x8._\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8g_\x8r_\x8o_\x8u_\x8p_\x8b_\x8y_\x8(_\x8),	657	sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·_\x8p_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8a_\x8s_\x8._\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8g_\x8r_\x8o_\x8u_\x8p_\x8b_\x8y_\x8(_\x8),
658	are·much·harder·to·do·chunkwise.·In·these·cases,·you·may·be·better·switching·to	658	are·much·harder·to·do·chunkwise.·In·these·cases,·you·may·be·better·switching·to
659	a·different·library·that·implements·these·out-of-core·algorithms·for·you.	659	a·different·library·that·implements·these·out-of-core·algorithms·for·you.

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style.ipynb ¶

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50	················},	50	················},
51	················"nbsphinx":·"hidden"	51	················"nbsphinx":·"hidden"
52	············},	52	············},
53	············"outputs":·[],	53	············"outputs":·[],
54	············"source":·[	54	············"source":·[
55	················"import·matplotlib.pyplot\n",	55	················"import·matplotlib.pyplot\n",
56	················"#·We·have·this·here·to·trigger·matplotlib's·font·cache·stuff.\n",	56	················"#·We·have·this·here·to·trigger·matplotlib's·font·cache·stuff.\n",
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77	············]	77	············]
78	········},	78	········},
79	········{	79	········{
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82	············"metadata":·{	82	············"metadata":·{
83	················"execution":·{	83	················"execution":·{
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85	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2026-04-08T16:41:16.~~54027~~5Z",	85	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2025-03-06T13:38:16.872585Z",
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87	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2026-04-08T16:41:16.~~790054~~Z"	87	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2025-03-06T13:38:21.354911Z"
88	················}	88	················}
89	············},	89	············},
90	············"outputs":·[],	90	············"outputs":·[],
91	············"source":·[	91	············"source":·[
92	················"import·pandas·as·pd\n",	92	················"import·pandas·as·pd\n",
93	················"import·numpy·as·np\n",	93	················"import·numpy·as·np\n",
94	················"import·matplotlib·as·mpl\n"	94	················"import·matplotlib·as·mpl\n"
95	············]	95	············]
96	········},	96	········},
97	········{	97	········{
98	············"cell_type":·"code",	98	············"cell_type":·"code",
99	············"execution_count":·3,	99	············"execution_count":·3,
100	············"metadata":·{	100	············"metadata":·{
101	················"execution":·{	101	················"execution":·{
102	····················"iopub.execute_input":·"2026-04-08T16:41:16.~~793964~~Z",	102	····················"iopub.execute_input":·"2025-03-06T13:38:21.405209Z",
103	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2026-04-08T16:41:16.~~7936~~07Z",	103	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2025-03-06T13:38:21.404404Z",
104	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.~~111208~~Z",	104	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2025-03-06T13:38:22.862919Z",
105	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.1~~102~~79Z"	105	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2025-03-06T13:38:22.846794Z"
106	················},	106	················},
107	················"nbsphinx":·"hidden"	107	················"nbsphinx":·"hidden"
108	············},	108	············},
109	············"outputs":·[],	109	············"outputs":·[],
110	············"source":·[	110	············"source":·[
111	················"#·For·reproducibility·-·this·doesn't·respect·uuid_len·or·positionally-passed·uuid·but·the·places·here·that·use·that·coincidentally·bypass·this·anyway\n",	111	················"#·For·reproducibility·-·this·doesn't·respect·uuid_len·or·positionally-passed·uuid·but·the·places·here·that·use·that·coincidentally·bypass·this·anyway\n",
112	················"from·pandas.io.formats.style·import·Styler\n",	112	················"from·pandas.io.formats.style·import·Styler\n",
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128	············"metadata":·{	128	············"metadata":·{
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131	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.~~114568~~Z",	131	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2025-03-06T13:38:22.888415Z",
132	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.126077Z",	132	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2025-03-06T13:38:22.986871Z",
133	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.~~125185~~Z"	133	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2025-03-06T13:38:22.974773Z"
134	················}	134	················}
135	············},	135	············},
136	············"outputs":·[	136	············"outputs":·[
137	················{	137	················{
138	····················"data":·{	138	····················"data":·{
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140	····························"<style·type=\"text/css\">\n",	140	····························"<style·type=\"text/css\">\n",
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206	············"outputs":·[	206	············"outputs":·[
207	················{	207	················{
208	····················"data":·{	208	····················"data":·{
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328	········},	328	········},
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338	················}	338	················}
339	············},	339	············},
340	············"outputs":·[	340	············"outputs":·[
341	················{	341	················{
342	····················"data":·{	342	····················"data":·{
343	························"text/html":·[	343	························"text/html":·[
344	····························"<style·type=\"text/css\">\n",	344	····························"<style·type=\"text/css\">\n",
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448	············]	448	············]
449	········},	449	········},
450	········{	450	········{
451	············"cell_type":·"code",	451	············"cell_type":·"code",
452	············"execution_count":·7,	452	············"execution_count":·7,
453	············"metadata":·{	453	············"metadata":·{
454	················"execution":·{	454	················"execution":·{
455	····················"iopub.execute_input":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.23~~9100~~Z",	455	····················"iopub.execute_input":·"2025-03-06T13:38:23.432664Z",
456	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.23~~8719~~Z",	456	····················"iopub.status.busy":·"2025-03-06T13:38:23.432137Z",
457	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.~~251~~142Z",	457	····················"iopub.status.idle":·"2025-03-06T13:38:23.542914Z",
458	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2026-04-08T16:41:17.~~2499~~43Z"	458	····················"shell.execute_reply":·"2025-03-06T13:38:23.526747Z"
459	················}	459	················}
460	············},	460	············},
461	············"outputs":·[	461	············"outputs":·[
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Offset 1613, 20 lines modified		Offset 1613, 20 lines modified
1613	<span·class="gp">In·[94]:·</span><span·class="n">df1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df3</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df4</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randn</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">nrows</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ncols</span><span·class="p">))</span>	1613	<span·class="gp">In·[94]:·</span><span·class="n">df1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df3</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df4</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randn</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">nrows</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ncols</span><span·class="p">))</span>
1614	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>······················<span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">_</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="nb">range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)]</span>	1614	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>······················<span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">_</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="nb">range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)]</span>
1615	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>	1615	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>
1616	</pre></div>	1616	</pre></div>
1617	</div>	1617	</div>
1618	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend</span>	1618	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend</span>
1619	<span·class="gp">In·[95]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')	1619	<span·class="gp">In·[95]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')
1620	<span·class="go">~~4.02~~·ms·+-·~~328~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)</span>	1620	<span·class="go">70.5·ms·+-·11.9·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)</span>
1621	</pre></div>	1621	</pre></div>
1622	</div>	1622	</div>
1623	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·pure·Python·evaluation</span>	1623	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·pure·Python·evaluation</span>
1624	<span·class="gp">In·[96]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	1624	<span·class="gp">In·[96]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
1625	<span·class="go">3~~.55~~·ms·+-·42.8·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)</span>	1625	<span·class="go">108·ms·+-·5.81·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
1626	</pre></div>	1626	</pre></div>
1627	</div>	1627	</div>
1628	<p>For·more·details,·see·the·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../user_guide/enhancingperf.html#enhancingperf-eval"><span·class="std·std-ref">the·docs</span></a></p>	1628	<p>For·more·details,·see·the·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../user_guide/enhancingperf.html#enhancingperf-eval"><span·class="std·std-ref">the·docs</span></a></p>
1629	</li>	1629	</li>
1630	<li><p>Similar·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.eval</span></code>,·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame"·title="pandas.DataFrame"><code·class="xref·py·py-class·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code></a>·has·a·new	1630	<li><p>Similar·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.eval</span></code>,·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame"·title="pandas.DataFrame"><code·class="xref·py·py-class·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code></a>·has·a·new
1631	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.eval</span></code>·method·that·evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of	1631	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.eval</span></code>·method·that·evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of
1632	the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>.·For·example,</p>	1632	the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>.·For·example,</p>

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Offset 1458, 18 lines modified		Offset 1458, 18 lines modified
1458	</div>	1458	</div>
1459	<div·class="admonition·note">	1459	<div·class="admonition·note">
1460	<p·class="admonition-title">Note</p>	1460	<p·class="admonition-title">Note</p>
1461	<p>If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Timestamp.now()</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.tseries.offsets</span></code>.</p>	1461	<p>If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Timestamp.now()</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.tseries.offsets</span></code>.</p>
1462	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[65]:·</span><span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.tseries.offsets</span>·<span·class="k">as</span>·<span·class="nn">offsets</span>	1462	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[65]:·</span><span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.tseries.offsets</span>·<span·class="k">as</span>·<span·class="nn">offsets</span>

1463	<span·class="gp">In·[66]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1463	<span·class="gp">In·[66]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>
1464	<span·class="gh">Out[66]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2026-04-08·04:38:31.921~~345~~')</span>	1464	<span·class="gh">Out[66]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2025-03-07·03:30:18.181091')</span>

1465	<span·class="gp">In·[67]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">offsets</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DateOffset</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">years</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1465	<span·class="gp">In·[67]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">offsets</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DateOffset</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">years</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1466	<span·class="gh">Out[67]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2027-04-08·04:38:31.~~923075~~')</span>	1466	<span·class="gh">Out[67]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2026-03-07·03:30:18.201922')</span>
1467	</pre></div>	1467	</pre></div>
1468	</div>	1468	</div>
1469	</div>	1469	</div>
1470	</section>	1470	</section>
1471	</section>	1471	</section>
1472	<section·id="changes-to-index-comparisons">	1472	<section·id="changes-to-index-comparisons">
1473	<h3>Changes·to·Index·comparisons<a·class="headerlink"·href="#changes-to-index-comparisons"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>	1473	<h3>Changes·to·Index·comparisons<a·class="headerlink"·href="#changes-to-index-comparisons"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>

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Offset 814, 18 lines modified		Offset 814, 18 lines modified
814	freq=None)	814	freq=None)
815	Note	815	Note
816	If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·Timestamp.now()	816	If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·Timestamp.now()
817	and·pandas.tseries.offsets.	817	and·pandas.tseries.offsets.
818	In·[65]:·import·pandas.tseries.offsets·as·offsets	818	In·[65]:·import·pandas.tseries.offsets·as·offsets

819	In·[66]:·pd.Timestamp.now()	819	In·[66]:·pd.Timestamp.now()
820	Out[66]:·Timestamp('2026-04-08·04:38:31.921~~345~~')	820	Out[66]:·Timestamp('2025-03-07·03:30:18.181091')

821	In·[67]:·pd.Timestamp.now()·+·offsets.DateOffset(years=1)	821	In·[67]:·pd.Timestamp.now()·+·offsets.DateOffset(years=1)
822	Out[67]:·Timestamp('2027-04-08·04:38:31.~~923075~~')	822	Out[67]:·Timestamp('2026-03-07·03:30:18.201922')
823	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ch\x8ha\x8an\x8ng\x8ge\x8es\x8s·t\x8to\x8o·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pa\x8ar\x8ri\x8is\x8so\x8on\x8ns\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	823	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ch\x8ha\x8an\x8ng\x8ge\x8es\x8s·t\x8to\x8o·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pa\x8ar\x8ri\x8is\x8so\x8on\x8ns\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
824	Operator·equal·on·Index·should·behavior·similarly·to·Series·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x89_\x89_\x84_\x87,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x80_\x86_\x83_\x87)	824	Operator·equal·on·Index·should·behavior·similarly·to·Series·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x89_\x89_\x84_\x87,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x80_\x86_\x83_\x87)
825	Starting·in·v0.17.0,·comparing·Index·objects·of·different·lengths·will·raise·a	825	Starting·in·v0.17.0,·comparing·Index·objects·of·different·lengths·will·raise·a
826	ValueError.·This·is·to·be·consistent·with·the·behavior·of·Series.	826	ValueError.·This·is·to·be·consistent·with·the·behavior·of·Series.
827	Previous·behavior:	827	Previous·behavior:
828	In·[2]:·pd.Index([1,·2,·3])·==·pd.Index([1,·4,·5])	828	In·[2]:·pd.Index([1,·2,·3])·==·pd.Index([1,·4,·5])
829	Out[2]:·array([·True,·False,·False],·dtype=bool)	829	Out[2]:·array([·True,·False,·False],·dtype=bool)

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Offset 281, 14 lines modified		Offset 281, 16 lines modified
281	Out[12]:	281	Out[12]:
282	············group··val	282	············group··val
283	date	283	date
284	2016-01-03······1····5	284	2016-01-03······1····5
285	2016-01-10······1····6	285	2016-01-10······1····6
286	2016-01-17······2····7	286	2016-01-17······2····7
287	2016-01-24······2····8	287	2016-01-24······2····8

		288	[4·rows·x·2·columns]
288	In[1]:·df.groupby("group").apply(lambda·x:·x.resample("1D").ffill())	289	In[1]:·df.groupby("group").apply(lambda·x:·x.resample("1D").ffill())
289	Out[1]:	290	Out[1]:
290	··················group··val	291	··················group··val
291	group·date	292	group·date
292	1·····2016-01-03······1····5	293	1·····2016-01-03······1····5
293	······2016-01-04······1····5	294	······2016-01-04······1····5
294	······2016-01-05······1····5	295	······2016-01-05······1····5
Offset 338, 41 lines modified		Offset 340, 47 lines modified

338	In·[14]:·df.where(lambda·x:·x·>·4,·lambda·x:·x·+·10)	340	In·[14]:·df.where(lambda·x:·x·>·4,·lambda·x:·x·+·10)
339	Out[14]:	341	Out[14]:
340	····A···B··C	342	····A···B··C
341	0··11··14··7	343	0··11··14··7
342	1··12···5··8	344	1··12···5··8
343	2··13···6··9	345	2··13···6··9

		346	[3·rows·x·3·columns]
344	\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8ds\x8s·.\x8.l\x8lo\x8oc\x8c[\x8[]\x8],\x8,·.\x8.i\x8il\x8lo\x8oc\x8c[\x8[]\x8],\x8,·.\x8.i\x8ix\x8x[\x8[]\x8]_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8	347	\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8ds\x8s·.\x8.l\x8lo\x8oc\x8c[\x8[]\x8],\x8,·.\x8.i\x8il\x8lo\x8oc\x8c[\x8[]\x8],\x8,·.\x8.i\x8ix\x8x[\x8[]\x8]_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8
345	These·can·accept·a·callable,·and·a·tuple·of·callable·as·a·slicer.·The·callable	348	These·can·accept·a·callable,·and·a·tuple·of·callable·as·a·slicer.·The·callable
346	can·return·a·valid·boolean·indexer·or·anything·which·is·valid·for·these	349	can·return·a·valid·boolean·indexer·or·anything·which·is·valid·for·these
347	indexer’s·input.	350	indexer’s·input.
348	#·callable·returns·bool·indexer	351	#·callable·returns·bool·indexer
349	In·[15]:·df.loc[lambda·x:·x.A·>=·2,·lambda·x:·x.sum()·>·10]	352	In·[15]:·df.loc[lambda·x:·x.A·>=·2,·lambda·x:·x.sum()·>·10]
350	Out[15]:	353	Out[15]:
351	···B··C	354	···B··C
352	1··5··8	355	1··5··8
353	2··6··9	356	2··6··9

		357	[2·rows·x·2·columns]

354	#·callable·returns·list·of·labels	358	#·callable·returns·list·of·labels
355	In·[16]:·df.loc[lambda·x:·[1,·2],·lambda·x:·["A",·"B"]]	359	In·[16]:·df.loc[lambda·x:·[1,·2],·lambda·x:·["A",·"B"]]
356	Out[16]:	360	Out[16]:
357	···A··B	361	···A··B
358	1··2··5	362	1··2··5
359	2··3··6	363	2··3··6

		364	[2·rows·x·2·columns]
360	\x8\x8\x8·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8xi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·w\x8wi\x8it\x8th\x8h·[\x8[]\x8]_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8	365	\x8\x8\x8·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8xi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·w\x8wi\x8it\x8th\x8h·[\x8[]\x8]_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8
361	Finally,·you·can·use·a·callable·in·[]·indexing·of·Series,·DataFrame·and·Panel.	366	Finally,·you·can·use·a·callable·in·[]·indexing·of·Series,·DataFrame·and·Panel.
362	The·callable·must·return·a·valid·input·for·[]·indexing·depending·on·its·class	367	The·callable·must·return·a·valid·input·for·[]·indexing·depending·on·its·class
363	and·index·type.	368	and·index·type.
364	In·[17]:·df[lambda·x:·"A"]	369	In·[17]:·df[lambda·x:·"A"]
365	Out[17]:	370	Out[17]:
366	0····1	371	0····1
367	1····2	372	1····2
368	2····3	373	2····3
369	Name:·A,·dtype:·int64	374	Name:·A,·Length:·3,·dtype:·int64
370	Using·these·methods·/·indexers,·you·can·chain·data·selection·operations·without	375	Using·these·methods·/·indexers,·you·can·chain·data·selection·operations·without
371	using·temporary·variable.	376	using·temporary·variable.
372	In·[18]:·bb·=·pd.read_csv("data/baseball.csv",·index_col="id")	377	In·[18]:·bb·=·pd.read_csv("data/baseball.csv",·index_col="id")

373	In·[19]:·(bb.groupby(["year",·"team"]).sum(numeric_only=True).loc[lambda·df:	378	In·[19]:·(bb.groupby(["year",·"team"]).sum(numeric_only=True).loc[lambda·df:
374	df.r·>·100])	379	df.r·>·100])
375	Out[19]:	380	Out[19]:
Offset 478, 26 lines modified		Offset 486, 28 lines modified
478	···....:	486	···....:

479	In·[21]:·df	487	In·[21]:·df
480	Out[21]:	488	Out[21]:
481	···year··month··day··hour	489	···year··month··day··hour
482	0··2015······2····4·····2	490	0··2015······2····4·····2
483	1··2016······3····5·····3	491	1··2016······3····5·····3

		492	[2·rows·x·4·columns]
484	Assembling·using·the·passed·frame.	493	Assembling·using·the·passed·frame.
485	In·[22]:·pd.to_datetime(df)	494	In·[22]:·pd.to_datetime(df)
486	Out[22]:	495	Out[22]:
487	0···2015-02-04·02:00:00	496	0···2015-02-04·02:00:00
488	1···2016-03-05·03:00:00	497	1···2016-03-05·03:00:00
489	dtype:·datetime64[ns]	498	Length:·2,·dtype:·datetime64[ns]
490	You·can·pass·only·the·columns·that·you·need·to·assemble.	499	You·can·pass·only·the·columns·that·you·need·to·assemble.
491	In·[23]:·pd.to_datetime(df[["year",·"month",·"day"]])	500	In·[23]:·pd.to_datetime(df[["year",·"month",·"day"]])
492	Out[23]:	501	Out[23]:
493	0···2015-02-04	502	0···2015-02-04
494	1···2016-03-05	503	1···2016-03-05
495	dtype:·datetime64[ns]	504	Length:·2,·dtype:·datetime64[ns]
496	\x8\x8\x8\x8·O\x8Ot\x8th\x8he\x8er\x8r·e\x8en\x8nh\x8ha\x8an\x8nc\x8ce\x8em\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8ts\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	505	\x8\x8\x8\x8·O\x8Ot\x8th\x8he\x8er\x8r·e\x8en\x8nh\x8ha\x8an\x8nc\x8ce\x8em\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8ts\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
497	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·delim_whitespace=True·for·the·Python·engine	506	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·delim_whitespace=True·for·the·Python·engine
498	······(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x89_\x85_\x88)	507	······(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x89_\x85_\x88)
499	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·opening·ZIP·files·that·contains·a·single·CSV,	508	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·opening·ZIP·files·that·contains·a·single·CSV,
500	······via·extension·inference·or·explicit·compression='zip'·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x81_\x87_\x85)	509	······via·extension·inference·or·explicit·compression='zip'·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x81_\x87_\x85)
501	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·opening·files·using·xz·compression,·via	510	····*·pd.read_csv()·now·supports·opening·files·using·xz·compression,·via
502	······extension·inference·or·explicit·compression='xz'·is·specified;·xz	511	······extension·inference·or·explicit·compression='xz'·is·specified;·xz
Offset 589, 14 lines modified		Offset 599, 16 lines modified

589	In·[30]:·df	599	In·[30]:·df
590	Out[30]:	600	Out[30]:
591	···A··B	601	···A··B
592	0··a··1	602	0··a··1
593	1··b··2	603	1··b··2
594	2··a··3	604	2··a··3

		605	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
595	Previous·behavior:	606	Previous·behavior:
596	In·[3]:·df.groupby('A',·as_index=True)['B'].nth(0)	607	In·[3]:·df.groupby('A',·as_index=True)['B'].nth(0)
597	Out[3]:	608	Out[3]:
598	0····1	609	0····1
599	1····2	610	1····2
600	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64	611	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64

Offset 606, 21 lines modified		Offset 618, 21 lines modified
606	1····2	618	1····2
607	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64	619	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64
608	New·behavior:	620	New·behavior:
609	In·[31]:·df.groupby("A",·as_index=True)["B"].nth(0)	621	In·[31]:·df.groupby("A",·as_index=True)["B"].nth(0)
610	Out[31]:	622	Out[31]:
611	0····1	623	0····1
612	1····2	624	1····2
613	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64	625	Name:·B,·Length:·2,·dtype:·int64

614	In·[32]:·df.groupby("A",·as_index=False)["B"].nth(0)	626	In·[32]:·df.groupby("A",·as_index=False)["B"].nth(0)
615	Out[32]:	627	Out[32]:
616	0····1	628	0····1
617	1····2	629	1····2
618	Name:·B,·dtype:·int64	630	Name:·B,·Length:·2,·dtype:·int64
619	Furthermore,·previously,·a·.groupby·would·always·sort,·regardless·if·sort=False	631	Furthermore,·previously,·a·.groupby·would·always·sort,·regardless·if·sort=False
620	was·passed·with·.nth().	632	was·passed·with·.nth().
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Offset 207, 37 lines modified		Offset 207, 45 lines modified
207	In·[3]:·left	207	In·[3]:·left
208	Out[3]:	208	Out[3]:
209	····a·left_val	209	····a·left_val
210	0···1········a	210	0···1········a
211	1···5········b	211	1···5········b
212	2··10········c	212	2··10········c

		213	[3·rows·x·2·columns]

213	In·[4]:·right	214	In·[4]:·right
214	Out[4]:	215	Out[4]:
215	···a··right_val	216	···a··right_val
216	0··1··········1	217	0··1··········1
217	1··2··········2	218	1··2··········2
218	2··3··········3	219	2··3··········3
219	3··6··········6	220	3··6··········6
220	4··7··········7	221	4··7··········7

		222	[5·rows·x·2·columns]
221	We·typically·want·to·match·exactly·when·possible,·and·use·the·most·recent·value	223	We·typically·want·to·match·exactly·when·possible,·and·use·the·most·recent·value
222	otherwise.	224	otherwise.
223	In·[5]:·pd.merge_asof(left,·right,·on="a")	225	In·[5]:·pd.merge_asof(left,·right,·on="a")
224	Out[5]:	226	Out[5]:
225	····a·left_val··right_val	227	····a·left_val··right_val
226	0···1········a··········1	228	0···1········a··········1
227	1···5········b··········3	229	1···5········b··········3
228	2··10········c··········7	230	2··10········c··········7

		231	[3·rows·x·3·columns]
229	We·can·also·match·rows·ONLY·with·prior·data,·and·not·an·exact·match.	232	We·can·also·match·rows·ONLY·with·prior·data,·and·not·an·exact·match.
230	In·[6]:·pd.merge_asof(left,·right,·on="a",·allow_exact_matches=False)	233	In·[6]:·pd.merge_asof(left,·right,·on="a",·allow_exact_matches=False)
231	Out[6]:	234	Out[6]:
232	····a·left_val··right_val	235	····a·left_val··right_val
233	0···1········a········NaN	236	0···1········a········NaN
234	1···5········b········3.0	237	1···5········b········3.0
235	2··10········c········7.0	238	2··10········c········7.0

		239	[3·rows·x·3·columns]
236	In·a·typical·time-series·example,·we·have·trades·and·quotes·and·we·want·to	240	In·a·typical·time-series·example,·we·have·trades·and·quotes·and·we·want·to
237	asof-join·them.·This·also·illustrates·using·the·by·parameter·to·group·data	241	asof-join·them.·This·also·illustrates·using·the·by·parameter·to·group·data
238	before·merging.	242	before·merging.
239	In·[7]:·trades·=·pd.DataFrame(	243	In·[7]:·trades·=·pd.DataFrame(
240	···...:·····{	244	···...:·····{
241	···...:·········"time":·pd.to_datetime(	245	···...:·········"time":·pd.to_datetime(
242	···...:·············[	246	···...:·············[
Offset 285, 37 lines modified		Offset 293, 43 lines modified
285	·····················time·ticker···price··quantity	293	·····················time·ticker···price··quantity
286	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95········75	294	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95········75
287	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.038···MSFT···51.95·······155	295	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.038···MSFT···51.95·······155
288	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.77·······100	296	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.77·······100
289	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.92·······100	297	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.92·······100
290	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···AAPL···98.00·······100	298	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···AAPL···98.00·······100

		299	[5·rows·x·4·columns]

291	In·[10]:·quotes	300	In·[10]:·quotes
292	Out[10]:	301	Out[10]:
293	·····················time·ticker·····bid·····ask	302	·····················time·ticker·····bid·····ask
294	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···GOOG··720.50··720.93	303	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···GOOG··720.50··720.93
295	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95···51.96	304	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95···51.96
296	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.030···MSFT···51.97···51.98	305	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.030···MSFT···51.97···51.98
297	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.041···MSFT···51.99···52.00	306	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.041···MSFT···51.99···52.00
298	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.50··720.93	307	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.50··720.93
299	5·2016-05-25·13:30:00.049···AAPL···97.99···98.01	308	5·2016-05-25·13:30:00.049···AAPL···97.99···98.01
300	6·2016-05-25·13:30:00.072···GOOG··720.50··720.88	309	6·2016-05-25·13:30:00.072···GOOG··720.50··720.88
301	7·2016-05-25·13:30:00.075···MSFT···52.01···52.03	310	7·2016-05-25·13:30:00.075···MSFT···52.01···52.03

		311	[8·rows·x·4·columns]
302	An·asof·merge·joins·on·the·on,·typically·a·datetimelike·field,·which·is	312	An·asof·merge·joins·on·the·on,·typically·a·datetimelike·field,·which·is
303	ordered,·and·in·this·case·we·are·using·a·grouper·in·the·by·field.·This·is·like	313	ordered,·and·in·this·case·we·are·using·a·grouper·in·the·by·field.·This·is·like
304	a·left-outer·join,·except·that·forward·filling·happens·automatically·taking·the	314	a·left-outer·join,·except·that·forward·filling·happens·automatically·taking·the
305	most·recent·non-NaN·value.	315	most·recent·non-NaN·value.
306	In·[11]:·pd.merge_asof(trades,·quotes,·on="time",·by="ticker")	316	In·[11]:·pd.merge_asof(trades,·quotes,·on="time",·by="ticker")
307	Out[11]:	317	Out[11]:
308	·····················time·ticker···price··quantity·····bid·····ask	318	·····················time·ticker···price··quantity·····bid·····ask
309	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95········75···51.95···51.96	319	0·2016-05-25·13:30:00.023···MSFT···51.95········75···51.95···51.96
310	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.038···MSFT···51.95·······155···51.97···51.98	320	1·2016-05-25·13:30:00.038···MSFT···51.95·······155···51.97···51.98
311	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.77·······100··720.50··720.93	321	2·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.77·······100··720.50··720.93
312	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.92·······100··720.50··720.93	322	3·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···GOOG··720.92·······100··720.50··720.93
313	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···AAPL···98.00·······100·····NaN·····NaN	323	4·2016-05-25·13:30:00.048···AAPL···98.00·······100·····NaN·····NaN

		324	[5·rows·x·6·columns]
314	This·returns·a·merged·DataFrame·with·the·entries·in·the·same·order·as·the	325	This·returns·a·merged·DataFrame·with·the·entries·in·the·same·order·as·the
315	original·left·passed·DataFrame·(trades·in·this·case),·with·the·fields·of·the	326	original·left·passed·DataFrame·(trades·in·this·case),·with·the·fields·of·the
316	quotes·merged.	327	quotes·merged.
317	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.r\x8ro\x8ol\x8ll\x8li\x8in\x8ng\x8g(\x8()\x8)·i\x8is\x8s·n\x8no\x8ow\x8w·t\x8ti\x8im\x8me\x8e-\x8-s\x8se\x8er\x8ri\x8ie\x8es\x8s·a\x8aw\x8wa\x8ar\x8re\x8e_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	328	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.r\x8ro\x8ol\x8ll\x8li\x8in\x8ng\x8g(\x8()\x8)·i\x8is\x8s·n\x8no\x8ow\x8w·t\x8ti\x8im\x8me\x8e-\x8-s\x8se\x8er\x8ri\x8ie\x8es\x8s·a\x8aw\x8wa\x8ar\x8re\x8e_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
318	.rolling()·objects·are·now·time-series·aware·and·can·accept·a·time-series	329	.rolling()·objects·are·now·time-series·aware·and·can·accept·a·time-series
319	offset·(or·convertible)·for·the·window·argument·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x83_\x83_\x82_\x87,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x89_\x89_\x85).·See·the	330	offset·(or·convertible)·for·the·window·argument·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x83_\x83_\x82_\x87,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x89_\x89_\x85).·See·the
320	full·documentation·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e.	331	full·documentation·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e.
Offset 329, 43 lines modified		Offset 343, 51 lines modified
329	Out[13]:	343	Out[13]:
330	·······················B	344	·······················B
331	2013-01-01·09:00:00··0.0	345	2013-01-01·09:00:00··0.0
332	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0	346	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0
333	2013-01-01·09:00:02··2.0	347	2013-01-01·09:00:02··2.0
334	2013-01-01·09:00:03··NaN	348	2013-01-01·09:00:03··NaN
335	2013-01-01·09:00:04··4.0	349	2013-01-01·09:00:04··4.0

		350	[5·rows·x·1·columns]
336	This·is·a·regular·frequency·index.·Using·an·integer·window·parameter·works·to	351	This·is·a·regular·frequency·index.·Using·an·integer·window·parameter·works·to
337	roll·along·the·window·frequency.	352	roll·along·the·window·frequency.
338	In·[14]:·dft.rolling(2).sum()	353	In·[14]:·dft.rolling(2).sum()
339	Out[14]:	354	Out[14]:
340	·······················B	355	·······················B
341	2013-01-01·09:00:00··NaN	356	2013-01-01·09:00:00··NaN
342	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0	357	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0
343	2013-01-01·09:00:02··3.0	358	2013-01-01·09:00:02··3.0
344	2013-01-01·09:00:03··NaN	359	2013-01-01·09:00:03··NaN
345	2013-01-01·09:00:04··NaN	360	2013-01-01·09:00:04··NaN

		361	[5·rows·x·1·columns]

346	In·[15]:·dft.rolling(2,·min_periods=1).sum()	362	In·[15]:·dft.rolling(2,·min_periods=1).sum()
347	Out[15]:	363	Out[15]:
348	·······················B	364	·······················B
349	2013-01-01·09:00:00··0.0	365	2013-01-01·09:00:00··0.0
350	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0	366	2013-01-01·09:00:01··1.0
351	2013-01-01·09:00:02··3.0	367	2013-01-01·09:00:02··3.0
352	2013-01-01·09:00:03··2.0	368	2013-01-01·09:00:03··2.0
353	2013-01-01·09:00:04··4.0	369	2013-01-01·09:00:04··4.0

		370	[5·rows·x·1·columns]
354	Specifying·an·offset·allows·a·more·intuitive·specification·of·the·rolling	371	Specifying·an·offset·allows·a·more·intuitive·specification·of·the·rolling
355	frequency.	372	frequency.
356	In·[16]:·dft.rolling("2s").sum()	373	In·[16]:·dft.rolling("2s").sum()
357	Out[16]:	374	Out[16]:
358	·······················B	375	·······················B
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Offset 235, 39 lines modified		Offset 235, 45 lines modified
235	2000-01-04·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	235	2000-01-04·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
236	2000-01-05·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	236	2000-01-05·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
237	2000-01-06·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	237	2000-01-06·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
238	2000-01-07·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	238	2000-01-07·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
239	2000-01-08··0.113648·-1.478427··0.524988	239	2000-01-08··0.113648·-1.478427··0.524988
240	2000-01-09··0.404705··0.577046·-1.715002	240	2000-01-09··0.404705··0.577046·-1.715002
241	2000-01-10·-1.039268·-0.370647·-1.157892	241	2000-01-10·-1.039268·-0.370647·-1.157892

		242	[10·rows·x·3·columns]
242	One·can·operate·using·string·function·names,·callables,·lists,·or·dictionaries	243	One·can·operate·using·string·function·names,·callables,·lists,·or·dictionaries
243	of·these.	244	of·these.
244	Using·a·single·function·is·equivalent·to·.apply.	245	Using·a·single·function·is·equivalent·to·.apply.
245	In·[4]:·df.agg('sum')	246	In·[4]:·df.agg('sum')
246	Out[4]:	247	Out[4]:
247	A···-1.068226	248	A···-1.068226
248	B···-1.387015	249	B···-1.387015
249	C···-4.892029	250	C···-4.892029
250	dtype:·float64	251	Length:·3,·dtype:·float64
251	Multiple·aggregations·with·a·list·of·functions.	252	Multiple·aggregations·with·a·list·of·functions.
252	In·[5]:·df.agg(['sum',·'min'])	253	In·[5]:·df.agg(['sum',·'min'])
253	Out[5]:	254	Out[5]:
254	············A·········B·········C	255	············A·········B·········C
255	sum·-1.068226·-1.387015·-4.892029	256	sum·-1.068226·-1.387015·-4.892029
256	min·-1.135632·-1.478427·-1.715002	257	min·-1.135632·-1.478427·-1.715002

		258	[2·rows·x·3·columns]
257	Using·a·dict·provides·the·ability·to·apply·specific·aggregations·per·column.	259	Using·a·dict·provides·the·ability·to·apply·specific·aggregations·per·column.
258	You·will·get·a·matrix-like·output·of·all·of·the·aggregators.·The·output·has·one	260	You·will·get·a·matrix-like·output·of·all·of·the·aggregators.·The·output·has·one
259	column·per·unique·function.·Those·functions·applied·to·a·particular·column·will	261	column·per·unique·function.·Those·functions·applied·to·a·particular·column·will
260	be·NaN:	262	be·NaN:
261	In·[6]:·df.agg({'A':·['sum',·'min'],·'B':·['min',·'max']})	263	In·[6]:·df.agg({'A':·['sum',·'min'],·'B':·['min',·'max']})
262	Out[6]:	264	Out[6]:
263	············A·········B	265	············A·········B
264	sum·-1.068226·······NaN	266	sum·-1.068226·······NaN
265	min·-1.135632·-1.478427	267	min·-1.135632·-1.478427
266	max·······NaN··1.212112	268	max·······NaN··1.212112

		269	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
267	The·API·also·supports·a·.transform()·function·for·broadcasting·results.	270	The·API·also·supports·a·.transform()·function·for·broadcasting·results.
268	In·[7]:·df.transform(['abs',·lambda·x:·x·-·x.min()])	271	In·[7]:·df.transform(['abs',·lambda·x:·x·-·x.min()])
269	Out[7]:	272	Out[7]:
270	···················A···················B···················C	273	···················A···················B···················C
271	·················abs··<lambda>·······abs··<lambda>·······abs··<lambda>	274	·················abs··<lambda>·······abs··<lambda>·······abs··<lambda>
272	2000-01-01··0.469112··1.604745··0.282863··1.195563··1.509059··0.205944	275	2000-01-01··0.469112··1.604745··0.282863··1.195563··1.509059··0.205944
273	2000-01-02··1.135632··0.000000··1.212112··2.690539··0.173215··1.541787	276	2000-01-02··1.135632··0.000000··1.212112··2.690539··0.173215··1.541787
Offset 275, 14 lines modified		Offset 281, 16 lines modified
275	2000-01-04·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	281	2000-01-04·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
276	2000-01-05·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	282	2000-01-05·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
277	2000-01-06·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	283	2000-01-06·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
278	2000-01-07·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN	284	2000-01-07·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN·······NaN
279	2000-01-08··0.113648··1.249281··1.478427··0.000000··0.524988··2.239990	285	2000-01-08··0.113648··1.249281··1.478427··0.000000··0.524988··2.239990
280	2000-01-09··0.404705··1.540338··0.577046··2.055473··1.715002··0.000000	286	2000-01-09··0.404705··1.540338··0.577046··2.055473··1.715002··0.000000
281	2000-01-10··1.039268··0.096364··0.370647··1.107780··1.157892··0.557110	287	2000-01-10··1.039268··0.096364··0.370647··1.107780··1.157892··0.557110

		288	[10·rows·x·6·columns]
282	When·presented·with·mixed·dtypes·that·cannot·be·aggregated,·.agg()·will·only	289	When·presented·with·mixed·dtypes·that·cannot·be·aggregated,·.agg()·will·only
283	take·the·valid·aggregations.·This·is·similar·to·how·groupby·.agg()·works.·(_\x8G_\x8H	290	take·the·valid·aggregations.·This·is·similar·to·how·groupby·.agg()·works.·(_\x8G_\x8H
284	_\x81_\x85_\x80_\x81_\x85)	291	_\x81_\x85_\x80_\x81_\x85)
285	In·[8]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'A':·[1,·2,·3],	292	In·[8]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'A':·[1,·2,·3],
286	···...:····················'B':·[1.,·2.,·3.],	293	···...:····················'B':·[1.,·2.,·3.],
287	···...:····················'C':·['foo',·'bar',·'baz'],	294	···...:····················'C':·['foo',·'bar',·'baz'],
288	···...:····················'D':·pd.date_range('20130101',·periods=3)})	295	···...:····················'D':·pd.date_range('20130101',·periods=3)})
Offset 290, 15 lines modified		Offset 298, 15 lines modified

290	In·[9]:·df.dtypes	298	In·[9]:·df.dtypes
291	Out[9]:	299	Out[9]:
292	A·············int64	300	A·············int64
293	B···········float64	301	B···········float64
294	C············object	302	C············object
295	D····datetime64[ns]	303	D····datetime64[ns]
296	dtype:·object	304	Length:·4,·dtype:·object
297	In·[10]:·df.agg(['min',·'sum'])	305	In·[10]:·df.agg(['min',·'sum'])
298	Out[10]:	306	Out[10]:
299	·····A····B··········C··········D	307	·····A····B··········C··········D
300	min··1··1.0········bar·2013-01-01	308	min··1··1.0········bar·2013-01-01
301	sum··6··6.0··foobarbaz········NaT	309	sum··6··6.0··foobarbaz········NaT
302	\x8\x8\x8\x8·K\x8Ke\x8ey\x8yw\x8wo\x8or\x8rd\x8d·a\x8ar\x8rg\x8gu\x8um\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8t·d\x8dt\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8e·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·d\x8da\x8at\x8ta\x8a·I\x8IO\x8O_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	310	\x8\x8\x8\x8·K\x8Ke\x8ey\x8yw\x8wo\x8or\x8rd\x8d·a\x8ar\x8rg\x8gu\x8um\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8t·d\x8dt\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8e·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·d\x8da\x8at\x8ta\x8a·I\x8IO\x8O_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
303	The·'python'·engine·for·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8),·as·well·as·the·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8f_\x8w_\x8f_\x8(_\x8)·function·for	311	The·'python'·engine·for·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8),·as·well·as·the·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8f_\x8w_\x8f_\x8(_\x8)·function·for
Offset 307, 22 lines modified		Offset 315, 22 lines modified
307	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x82_\x89_\x85).·See·the·_\x8i_\x8o_\x8·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8s·for·more·information.	315	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x82_\x89_\x85).·See·the·_\x8i_\x8o_\x8·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8s·for·more·information.
308	In·[10]:·data·=·"a··b\n1··2\n3··4"	316	In·[10]:·data·=·"a··b\n1··2\n3··4"

309	In·[11]:·pd.read_fwf(StringIO(data)).dtypes	317	In·[11]:·pd.read_fwf(StringIO(data)).dtypes
310	Out[11]:	318	Out[11]:
311	a····int64	319	a····int64
312	b····int64	320	b····int64
313	dtype:·object	321	Length:·2,·dtype:·object

314	In·[12]:·pd.read_fwf(StringIO(data),·dtype={'a':·'float64',·'b':	322	In·[12]:·pd.read_fwf(StringIO(data),·dtype={'a':·'float64',·'b':
315	'object'}).dtypes	323	'object'}).dtypes
316	Out[12]:	324	Out[12]:
317	a····float64	325	a····float64
318	b·····object	326	b·····object
319	dtype:·object	327	Length:·2,·dtype:·object
320	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.t\x8to\x8o_\x8_d\x8da\x8at\x8te\x8et\x8ti\x8im\x8me\x8e(\x8()\x8)·h\x8ha\x8as\x8s·g\x8ga\x8ai\x8in\x8ne\x8ed\x8d·a\x8an\x8n·o\x8or\x8ri\x8ig\x8gi\x8in\x8n·p\x8pa\x8ar\x8ra\x8am\x8me\x8et\x8te\x8er\x8r_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	328	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.t\x8to\x8o_\x8_d\x8da\x8at\x8te\x8et\x8ti\x8im\x8me\x8e(\x8()\x8)·h\x8ha\x8as\x8s·g\x8ga\x8ai\x8in\x8ne\x8ed\x8d·a\x8an\x8n·o\x8or\x8ri\x8ig\x8gi\x8in\x8n·p\x8pa\x8ar\x8ra\x8am\x8me\x8et\x8te\x8er\x8r_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
321	_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8d_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·has·gained·a·new·parameter,·origin,·to·define·a·reference·date	329	_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8d_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·has·gained·a·new·parameter,·origin,·to·define·a·reference·date
322	from·where·to·compute·the·resulting·timestamps·when·parsing·numerical·values	330	from·where·to·compute·the·resulting·timestamps·when·parsing·numerical·values
323	with·a·specific·unit·specified.·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x81_\x82_\x87_\x86,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x81_\x87_\x84_\x85)	331	with·a·specific·unit·specified.·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x81_\x82_\x87_\x86,·_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x81_\x87_\x84_\x85)
324	For·example,·with·1960-01-01·as·the·starting·date:	332	For·example,·with·1960-01-01·as·the·starting·date:
325	In·[13]:·pd.to_datetime([1,·2,·3],·unit='D',·origin=pd.Timestamp('1960-01-01'))	333	In·[13]:·pd.to_datetime([1,·2,·3],·unit='D',·origin=pd.Timestamp('1960-01-01'))
326	Out[13]:·DatetimeIndex(['1960-01-02',·'1960-01-03',·'1960-01-04'],	334	Out[13]:·DatetimeIndex(['1960-01-02',·'1960-01-03',·'1960-01-04'],
Offset 358, 24 lines modified		Offset 366, 28 lines modified
358	baz···one·····1··2	366	baz···one·····1··2
359	······two·····1··3	367	······two·····1··3
360	foo···one·····2··4	368	foo···one·····2··4
361	······two·····2··5	369	······two·····2··5
362	qux···one·····3··6	370	qux···one·····3··6
363	······two·····3··7	371	······two·····3··7

		372	[8·rows·x·2·columns]

364	In·[19]:·df.groupby(['second',·'A']).sum()	373	In·[19]:·df.groupby(['second',·'A']).sum()
365	Out[19]:	374	Out[19]:
366	··········B	375	··········B
367	second·A	376	second·A
368	one····1··2	377	one····1··2
369	·······2··4	378	·······2··4
370	·······3··6	379	·······3··6
371	two····1··4	380	two····1··4
372	·······2··5	381	·······2··5
373	·······3··7	382	·······3··7

		383	[6·rows·x·1·columns]
374	\x8\x8\x8\x8·B\x8Be\x8et\x8tt\x8te\x8er\x8r·s\x8su\x8up\x8pp\x8po\x8or\x8rt\x8t·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pr\x8re\x8es\x8ss\x8se\x8ed\x8d·U\x8UR\x8RL\x8Ls\x8s·i\x8in\x8n·r\x8re\x8ea\x8ad\x8d_\x8_c\x8cs\x8sv\x8v_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	384	\x8\x8\x8\x8·B\x8Be\x8et\x8tt\x8te\x8er\x8r·s\x8su\x8up\x8pp\x8po\x8or\x8rt\x8t·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·c\x8co\x8om\x8mp\x8pr\x8re\x8es\x8ss\x8se\x8ed\x8d·U\x8UR\x8RL\x8Ls\x8s·i\x8in\x8n·r\x8re\x8ea\x8ad\x8d_\x8_c\x8cs\x8sv\x8v_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
375	The·compression·code·was·refactored·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x86_\x88_\x88).·As·a·result,·reading·dataframes	385	The·compression·code·was·refactored·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x86_\x88_\x88).·As·a·result,·reading·dataframes
376	from·URLs·in·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8)·or·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8t_\x8a_\x8b_\x8l_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·now·supports·additional·compression	386	from·URLs·in·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8c_\x8s_\x8v_\x8(_\x8)·or·_\x8r_\x8e_\x8a_\x8d_\x8__\x8t_\x8a_\x8b_\x8l_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·now·supports·additional·compression
377	methods:·xz,·bz2,·and·zip·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x85_\x87_\x80).·Previously,·only·gzip·compression·was	387	methods:·xz,·bz2,·and·zip·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x85_\x87_\x80).·Previously,·only·gzip·compression·was
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Offset 212, 35 lines modified		Offset 212, 35 lines modified
212	···...:	212	···...:

213	In·[2]:·df.dtypes	213	In·[2]:·df.dtypes
214	Out[2]:	214	Out[2]:
215	A·····int64	215	A·····int64
216	B····object	216	B····object
217	C····object	217	C····object
218	dtype:·object	218	Length:·3,·dtype:·object

219	In·[3]:·df.infer_objects().dtypes	219	In·[3]:·df.infer_objects().dtypes
220	Out[3]:	220	Out[3]:
221	A·····int64	221	A·····int64
222	B·····int64	222	B·····int64
223	C····object	223	C····object
224	dtype:·object	224	Length:·3,·dtype:·object
225	Note·that·column·'C'·was·not·converted·-·only·scalar·numeric·types·will·be	225	Note·that·column·'C'·was·not·converted·-·only·scalar·numeric·types·will·be
226	converted·to·a·new·type.·Other·types·of·conversion·should·be·accomplished·using	226	converted·to·a·new·type.·Other·types·of·conversion·should·be·accomplished·using
227	the·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8c_\x8(_\x8)·function·(or·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8d_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8),·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8d_\x8e_\x8l_\x8t_\x8a_\x8(_\x8)).	227	the·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8c_\x8(_\x8)·function·(or·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8d_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8),·_\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8t_\x8i_\x8m_\x8e_\x8d_\x8e_\x8l_\x8t_\x8a_\x8(_\x8)).
228	In·[4]:·df·=·df.infer_objects()	228	In·[4]:·df·=·df.infer_objects()

229	In·[5]:·df['C']·=·pd.to_numeric(df['C'],·errors='coerce')	229	In·[5]:·df['C']·=·pd.to_numeric(df['C'],·errors='coerce')

230	In·[6]:·df.dtypes	230	In·[6]:·df.dtypes
231	Out[6]:	231	Out[6]:
232	A····int64	232	A····int64
233	B····int64	233	B····int64
234	C····int64	234	C····int64
235	dtype:·object	235	Length:·3,·dtype:·object
236	\x8\x8\x8\x8·I\x8Im\x8mp\x8pr\x8ro\x8ov\x8ve\x8ed\x8d·w\x8wa\x8ar\x8rn\x8ni\x8in\x8ng\x8gs\x8s·w\x8wh\x8he\x8en\x8n·a\x8at\x8tt\x8te\x8em\x8mp\x8pt\x8ti\x8in\x8ng\x8g·t\x8to\x8o·c\x8cr\x8re\x8ea\x8at\x8te\x8e·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	236	\x8\x8\x8\x8·I\x8Im\x8mp\x8pr\x8ro\x8ov\x8ve\x8ed\x8d·w\x8wa\x8ar\x8rn\x8ni\x8in\x8ng\x8gs\x8s·w\x8wh\x8he\x8en\x8n·a\x8at\x8tt\x8te\x8em\x8mp\x8pt\x8ti\x8in\x8ng\x8g·t\x8to\x8o·c\x8cr\x8re\x8ea\x8at\x8te\x8e·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
237	New·users·are·often·puzzled·by·the·relationship·between·column·operations·and	237	New·users·are·often·puzzled·by·the·relationship·between·column·operations·and
238	attribute·access·on·DataFrame·instances·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x87_\x81_\x87_\x85).·One·specific·instance·of	238	attribute·access·on·DataFrame·instances·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x87_\x81_\x87_\x85).·One·specific·instance·of
239	this·confusion·is·attempting·to·create·a·new·column·by·setting·an·attribute·on	239	this·confusion·is·attempting·to·create·a·new·column·by·setting·an·attribute·on
240	the·DataFrame:	240	the·DataFrame:
241	In·[1]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'one':·[1.,·2.,·3.]})	241	In·[1]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'one':·[1.,·2.,·3.]})
242	In·[2]:·df.two·=·[4,·5,·6]	242	In·[2]:·df.two·=·[4,·5,·6]
Offset 264, 73 lines modified		Offset 264, 91 lines modified

264	In·[8]:·df	264	In·[8]:·df
265	Out[8]:	265	Out[8]:
266	···A··B··C··D	266	···A··B··C··D
267	0··0··1··2··3	267	0··0··1··2··3
268	1··4··5··6··7	268	1··4··5··6··7

		269	[2·rows·x·4·columns]

269	In·[9]:·df.drop(['B',·'C'],·axis=1)	270	In·[9]:·df.drop(['B',·'C'],·axis=1)
270	Out[9]:	271	Out[9]:
271	···A··D	272	···A··D
272	0··0··3	273	0··0··3
273	1··4··7	274	1··4··7

		275	[2·rows·x·2·columns]

274	#·the·following·is·now·equivalent	276	#·the·following·is·now·equivalent
275	In·[10]:·df.drop(columns=['B',·'C'])	277	In·[10]:·df.drop(columns=['B',·'C'])
276	Out[10]:	278	Out[10]:
277	···A··D	279	···A··D
278	0··0··3	280	0··0··3
279	1··4··7	281	1··4··7

		282	[2·rows·x·2·columns]
280	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8ds\x8s·r\x8re\x8en\x8na\x8am\x8me\x8e,\x8,·r\x8re\x8ei\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·n\x8no\x8ow\x8w·a\x8al\x8ls\x8so\x8o·a\x8ac\x8cc\x8ce\x8ep\x8pt\x8t·a\x8ax\x8xi\x8is\x8s·k\x8ke\x8ey\x8yw\x8wo\x8or\x8rd\x8d_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	283	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8ds\x8s·r\x8re\x8en\x8na\x8am\x8me\x8e,\x8,·r\x8re\x8ei\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·n\x8no\x8ow\x8w·a\x8al\x8ls\x8so\x8o·a\x8ac\x8cc\x8ce\x8ep\x8pt\x8t·a\x8ax\x8xi\x8is\x8s·k\x8ke\x8ey\x8yw\x8wo\x8or\x8rd\x8d_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
281	The·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8n_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·and·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8i_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x_\x8(_\x8)·methods·have·gained·the·axis	284	The·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8n_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·and·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8r_\x8e_\x8i_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x_\x8(_\x8)·methods·have·gained·the·axis
282	keyword·to·specify·the·axis·to·target·with·the·operation·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x83_\x89_\x82).	285	keyword·to·specify·the·axis·to·target·with·the·operation·(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x82_\x83_\x89_\x82).
283	Here’s·rename:	286	Here’s·rename:
284	In·[11]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({"A":·[1,·2,·3],·"B":·[4,·5,·6]})	287	In·[11]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({"A":·[1,·2,·3],·"B":·[4,·5,·6]})

285	In·[12]:·df.rename(str.lower,·axis='columns')	288	In·[12]:·df.rename(str.lower,·axis='columns')
286	Out[12]:	289	Out[12]:
287	···a··b	290	···a··b
288	0··1··4	291	0··1··4
289	1··2··5	292	1··2··5
290	2··3··6	293	2··3··6

		294	[3·rows·x·2·columns]

291	In·[13]:·df.rename(id,·axis='index')	295	In·[13]:·df.rename(id,·axis='index')
292	Out[13]:	296	Out[13]:
293	··········A··B	297	··········A··B
294	10713616··1··4	298	10713616··1··4
295	10713648··2··5	299	10713648··2··5
296	10713680··3··6	300	10713680··3··6

		301	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
297	And·reindex:	302	And·reindex:
298	In·[14]:·df.reindex(['A',·'B',·'C'],·axis='columns')	303	In·[14]:·df.reindex(['A',·'B',·'C'],·axis='columns')
299	Out[14]:	304	Out[14]:
300	···A··B···C	305	···A··B···C
301	0··1··4·NaN	306	0··1··4·NaN
302	1··2··5·NaN	307	1··2··5·NaN
303	2··3··6·NaN	308	2··3··6·NaN

		309	[3·rows·x·3·columns]

304	In·[15]:·df.reindex([0,·1,·3],·axis='index')	310	In·[15]:·df.reindex([0,·1,·3],·axis='index')
305	Out[15]:	311	Out[15]:
306	·····A····B	312	·····A····B
307	0··1.0··4.0	313	0··1.0··4.0
308	1··2.0··5.0	314	1··2.0··5.0
309	3··NaN··NaN	315	3··NaN··NaN

		316	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
310	The·“index,·columns”·style·continues·to·work·as·before.	317	The·“index,·columns”·style·continues·to·work·as·before.
311	In·[16]:·df.rename(index=id,·columns=str.lower)	318	In·[16]:·df.rename(index=id,·columns=str.lower)
312	Out[16]:	319	Out[16]:
313	··········a··b	320	··········a··b
314	10713616··1··4	321	10713616··1··4
315	10713648··2··5	322	10713648··2··5
316	10713680··3··6	323	10713680··3··6

		324	[3·rows·x·2·columns]

317	In·[17]:·df.reindex(index=[0,·1,·3],·columns=['A',·'B',·'C'])	325	In·[17]:·df.reindex(index=[0,·1,·3],·columns=['A',·'B',·'C'])
318	Out[17]:	326	Out[17]:
319	·····A····B···C	327	·····A····B···C
320	0··1.0··4.0·NaN	328	0··1.0··4.0·NaN
321	1··2.0··5.0·NaN	329	1··2.0··5.0·NaN
322	3··NaN··NaN·NaN	330	3··NaN··NaN·NaN

		331	[3·rows·x·3·columns]
323	We·h\x8hi\x8ig\x8gh\x8hl\x8ly\x8y·encourage·using·named·arguments·to·avoid·confusion·when·using·either	332	We·h\x8hi\x8ig\x8gh\x8hl\x8ly\x8y·encourage·using·named·arguments·to·avoid·confusion·when·using·either
324	style.	333	style.
325	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8lD\x8Dt\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8e·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·s\x8sp\x8pe\x8ec\x8ci\x8if\x8fy\x8yi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·c\x8ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	334	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8lD\x8Dt\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8e·f\x8fo\x8or\x8r·s\x8sp\x8pe\x8ec\x8ci\x8if\x8fy\x8yi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·c\x8ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
326	pandas.api.types.CategoricalDtype·has·been·added·to·the·public·API·and·expanded	335	pandas.api.types.CategoricalDtype·has·been·added·to·the·public·API·and·expanded
327	to·include·the·categories·and·ordered·attributes.·A·CategoricalDtype·can·be	336	to·include·the·categories·and·ordered·attributes.·A·CategoricalDtype·can·be
328	used·to·specify·the·set·of·categories·and·orderedness·of·an·array,·independent	337	used·to·specify·the·set·of·categories·and·orderedness·of·an·array,·independent
329	of·the·data.·This·can·be·useful·for·example,·when·converting·string·data·to·a	338	of·the·data.·This·can·be·useful·for·example,·when·converting·string·data·to·a
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745	<p><em>pandas·0.22</em></p>	745	<p><em>pandas·0.22</em></p>
746	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[8]:·</span><span·class="n">grouper</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Categorical</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">categories</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"b"</span><span·class="p">])</span>	746	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[8]:·</span><span·class="n">grouper</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Categorical</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">categories</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"b"</span><span·class="p">])</span>

747	<span·class="gp">In·[9]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">])</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">grouper</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">observed</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>	747	<span·class="gp">In·[9]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">])</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">grouper</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">observed</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>
748	<span·class="gh">Out[9]:·</span>	748	<span·class="gh">Out[9]:·</span>
749	<span·class="go">a····3</span>	749	<span·class="go">a····3</span>
750	<span·class="go">b····0</span>	750	<span·class="go">b····0</span>
751	<span·class="go">dtype:·int64</span>	751	<span·class="go">Length:·2,·dtype:·int64</span>
752	</pre></div>	752	</pre></div>
753	</div>	753	</div>
754	<p>To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>·for·unobserved·groups,	754	<p>To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>·for·unobserved·groups,
755	use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_count>=1</span></code>.</p>	755	use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_count>=1</span></code>.</p>
756	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[10]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">])</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">grouper</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">observed</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">min_count</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>	756	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[10]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">])</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">grouper</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">observed</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">min_count</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>
757	<span·class="gh">Out[10]:·</span>	757	<span·class="gh">Out[10]:·</span>
758	<span·class="go">a····3.0</span>	758	<span·class="go">a····3.0</span>
759	<span·class="go">b····NaN</span>	759	<span·class="go">b····NaN</span>
760	<span·class="go">dtype:·float64</span>	760	<span·class="go">Length:·2,·dtype:·float64</span>
761	</pre></div>	761	</pre></div>
762	</div>	762	</div>
763	</section>	763	</section>
764	<section·id="resample">	764	<section·id="resample">
765	<h3>Resample<a·class="headerlink"·href="#resample"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>	765	<h3>Resample<a·class="headerlink"·href="#resample"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>
766	<p>The·sum·and·product·of·all-<em>NA</em>·bins·has·changed·from·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">0</span></code>·for	766	<p>The·sum·and·product·of·all-<em>NA</em>·bins·has·changed·from·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">0</span></code>·for
767	sum·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">1</span></code>·for·product.</p>	767	sum·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">1</span></code>·for·product.</p>
Offset 787, 23 lines modified		Offset 787, 23 lines modified
787	<p><em>pandas·0.22.0</em></p>	787	<p><em>pandas·0.22.0</em></p>
788	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[11]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">date_range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2017"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">periods</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">))</span>	788	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[11]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">date_range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2017"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">periods</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">))</span>

789	<span·class="gp">In·[12]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2d"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>	789	<span·class="gp">In·[12]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2d"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>
790	<span·class="gh">Out[12]:·</span>	790	<span·class="gh">Out[12]:·</span>
791	<span·class="go">2017-01-01····2.0</span>	791	<span·class="go">2017-01-01····2.0</span>
792	<span·class="go">2017-01-03····0.0</span>	792	<span·class="go">2017-01-03····0.0</span>
793	<span·class="go">Freq:·2D,·dtype:·float64</span>	793	<span·class="go">Freq:·2D,·Length:·2,·dtype:·float64</span>
794	</pre></div>	794	</pre></div>
795	</div>	795	</div>
796	<p>To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_count>=1</span></code>.</p>	796	<p>To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">NaN</span></code>,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_count>=1</span></code>.</p>
797	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[13]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2d"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">min_count</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>	797	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[13]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"2d"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">min_count</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>
798	<span·class="gh">Out[13]:·</span>	798	<span·class="gh">Out[13]:·</span>
799	<span·class="go">2017-01-01····2.0</span>	799	<span·class="go">2017-01-01····2.0</span>
800	<span·class="go">2017-01-03····NaN</span>	800	<span·class="go">2017-01-03····NaN</span>
801	<span·class="go">Freq:·2D,·dtype:·float64</span>	801	<span·class="go">Freq:·2D,·Length:·2,·dtype:·float64</span>
802	</pre></div>	802	</pre></div>
803	</div>	803	</div>
804	<p>In·particular,·upsampling·and·taking·the·sum·or·product·is·affected,·as	804	<p>In·particular,·upsampling·and·taking·the·sum·or·product·is·affected,·as
805	upsampling·introduces·missing·values·even·if·the·original·series·was	805	upsampling·introduces·missing·values·even·if·the·original·series·was
806	entirely·valid.</p>	806	entirely·valid.</p>
807	<p><em>pandas·0.21.x</em></p>	807	<p><em>pandas·0.21.x</em></p>
808	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DatetimeIndex</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s1">'2017-01-01'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'2017-01-02'</span><span·class="p">])</span>	808	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DatetimeIndex</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s1">'2017-01-01'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'2017-01-02'</span><span·class="p">])</span>
Offset 856, 15 lines modified		Offset 856, 15 lines modified
856	<p><em>pandas·0.22.0</em></p>	856	<p><em>pandas·0.22.0</em></p>
857	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">])</span>	857	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">nan</span><span·class="p">])</span>

858	<span·class="gp">In·[15]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rolling</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">min_periods</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>	858	<span·class="gp">In·[15]:·</span><span·class="n">s</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rolling</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">min_periods</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>
859	<span·class="gh">Out[15]:·</span>	859	<span·class="gh">Out[15]:·</span>
860	<span·class="go">0····0.0</span>	860	<span·class="go">0····0.0</span>
861	<span·class="go">1····0.0</span>	861	<span·class="go">1····0.0</span>
862	<span·class="go">dtype:·float64</span>	862	<span·class="go">Length:·2,·dtype:·float64</span>
863	</pre></div>	863	</pre></div>
864	</div>	864	</div>
865	<p>The·default·behavior·of·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_periods=None</span></code>,·implying·that·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_periods</span></code>	865	<p>The·default·behavior·of·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_periods=None</span></code>,·implying·that·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">min_periods</span></code>
866	equals·the·window·size,·is·unchanged.</p>	866	equals·the·window·size,·is·unchanged.</p>
867	</section>	867	</section>
868	</section>	868	</section>
869	<section·id="compatibility">	869	<section·id="compatibility">

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Offset 192, 22 lines modified		Offset 192, 22 lines modified
192	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x822\x82	192	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x822\x82
193	In·[8]:·grouper·=·pd.Categorical(["a",·"a"],·categories=["a",·"b"])	193	In·[8]:·grouper·=·pd.Categorical(["a",·"a"],·categories=["a",·"b"])

194	In·[9]:·pd.Series([1,·2]).groupby(grouper,·observed=False).sum()	194	In·[9]:·pd.Series([1,·2]).groupby(grouper,·observed=False).sum()
195	Out[9]:	195	Out[9]:
196	a····3	196	a····3
197	b····0	197	b····0
198	dtype:·int64	198	Length:·2,·dtype:·int64
199	To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·NaN·for·unobserved·groups,·use	199	To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·NaN·for·unobserved·groups,·use
200	min_count>=1.	200	min_count>=1.
201	In·[10]:·pd.Series([1,·2]).groupby(grouper,·observed=False).sum(min_count=1)	201	In·[10]:·pd.Series([1,·2]).groupby(grouper,·observed=False).sum(min_count=1)
202	Out[10]:	202	Out[10]:
203	a····3.0	203	a····3.0
204	b····NaN	204	b····NaN
205	dtype:·float64	205	Length:·2,·dtype:·float64
206	\x8\x8\x8\x8·R\x8Re\x8es\x8sa\x8am\x8mp\x8pl\x8le\x8e_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	206	\x8\x8\x8\x8·R\x8Re\x8es\x8sa\x8am\x8mp\x8pl\x8le\x8e_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
207	The·sum·and·product·of·all-N\x8NA\x8A·bins·has·changed·from·NaN·to·0·for·sum·and·1·for	207	The·sum·and·product·of·all-N\x8NA\x8A·bins·has·changed·from·NaN·to·0·for·sum·and·1·for
208	product.	208	product.
209	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x821\x81.\x8.x\x8x	209	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x821\x81.\x8.x\x8x
210	In·[11]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·1,·np.nan,·np.nan],	210	In·[11]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·1,·np.nan,·np.nan],
211	···....:···············index=pd.date_range('2017',·periods=4))	211	···....:···············index=pd.date_range('2017',·periods=4))
212	···....:·s	212	···....:·s
Offset 227, 21 lines modified		Offset 227, 21 lines modified
227	In·[11]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·1,·np.nan,·np.nan],·index=pd.date_range("2017",	227	In·[11]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·1,·np.nan,·np.nan],·index=pd.date_range("2017",
228	periods=4))	228	periods=4))

229	In·[12]:·s.resample("2d").sum()	229	In·[12]:·s.resample("2d").sum()
230	Out[12]:	230	Out[12]:
231	2017-01-01····2.0	231	2017-01-01····2.0
232	2017-01-03····0.0	232	2017-01-03····0.0
233	Freq:·2D,·dtype:·float64	233	Freq:·2D,·Length:·2,·dtype:·float64
234	To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·NaN,·use·min_count>=1.	234	To·restore·the·0.21·behavior·of·returning·NaN,·use·min_count>=1.
235	In·[13]:·s.resample("2d").sum(min_count=1)	235	In·[13]:·s.resample("2d").sum(min_count=1)
236	Out[13]:	236	Out[13]:
237	2017-01-01····2.0	237	2017-01-01····2.0
238	2017-01-03····NaN	238	2017-01-03····NaN
239	Freq:·2D,·dtype:·float64	239	Freq:·2D,·Length:·2,·dtype:·float64
240	In·particular,·upsampling·and·taking·the·sum·or·product·is·affected,·as	240	In·particular,·upsampling·and·taking·the·sum·or·product·is·affected,·as
241	upsampling·introduces·missing·values·even·if·the·original·series·was·entirely	241	upsampling·introduces·missing·values·even·if·the·original·series·was·entirely
242	valid.	242	valid.
243	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x821\x81.\x8.x\x8x	243	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x821\x81.\x8.x\x8x
244	In·[14]:·idx·=·pd.DatetimeIndex(['2017-01-01',·'2017-01-02'])	244	In·[14]:·idx·=·pd.DatetimeIndex(['2017-01-01',·'2017-01-02'])

245	In·[15]:·pd.Series([1,·2],·index=idx).resample('12H').sum()	245	In·[15]:·pd.Series([1,·2],·index=idx).resample('12H').sum()
Offset 281, 15 lines modified		Offset 281, 15 lines modified
281	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x822\x82.\x8.0\x80	281	p\x8pa\x8an\x8nd\x8da\x8as\x8s·0\x80.\x8.2\x822\x82.\x8.0\x80
282	In·[14]:·s·=·pd.Series([np.nan,·np.nan])	282	In·[14]:·s·=·pd.Series([np.nan,·np.nan])

283	In·[15]:·s.rolling(2,·min_periods=0).sum()	283	In·[15]:·s.rolling(2,·min_periods=0).sum()
284	Out[15]:	284	Out[15]:
285	0····0.0	285	0····0.0
286	1····0.0	286	1····0.0
287	dtype:·float64	287	Length:·2,·dtype:·float64
288	The·default·behavior·of·min_periods=None,·implying·that·min_periods·equals·the	288	The·default·behavior·of·min_periods=None,·implying·that·min_periods·equals·the
289	window·size,·is·unchanged.	289	window·size,·is·unchanged.
290	\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Co\x8om\x8mp\x8pa\x8at\x8ti\x8ib\x8bi\x8il\x8li\x8it\x8ty\x8y_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8	290	\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Co\x8om\x8mp\x8pa\x8at\x8ti\x8ib\x8bi\x8il\x8li\x8it\x8ty\x8y_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8
291	If·you·maintain·a·library·that·should·work·across·pandas·versions,·it·may·be	291	If·you·maintain·a·library·that·should·work·across·pandas·versions,·it·may·be
292	easiest·to·exclude·pandas·0.21·from·your·requirements.·Otherwise,·all·your·sum	292	easiest·to·exclude·pandas·0.21·from·your·requirements.·Otherwise,·all·your·sum
293	()·calls·would·need·to·check·if·the·Series·is·empty·before·summing.	293	()·calls·would·need·to·check·if·the·Series·is·empty·before·summing.
294	With·setuptools,·in·your·setup.py·use:	294	With·setuptools,·in·your·setup.py·use:

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./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/whatsnew/v0.23.0.html ¶

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html2text {} ¶


Offset 210, 42 lines modified		Offset 210, 46 lines modified
210	·····foo·bar········baz·qux	210	·····foo·bar········baz·qux
211	idx	211	idx
212	0······1···a·2018-01-01···a	212	0······1···a·2018-01-01···a
213	1······2···b·2018-01-02···b	213	1······2···b·2018-01-02···b
214	2······3···c·2018-01-03···c	214	2······3···c·2018-01-03···c
215	3······4···d·2018-01-04···c	215	3······4···d·2018-01-04···c

		216	[4·rows·x·4·columns]

216	In·[3]:·df.dtypes	217	In·[3]:·df.dtypes
217	Out[3]:	218	Out[3]:
218	foo·············int64	219	foo·············int64
219	bar············object	220	bar············object
220	baz····datetime64[ns]	221	baz····datetime64[ns]
221	qux··········category	222	qux··········category
222	dtype:·object	223	Length:·4,·dtype:·object

223	In·[4]:·df.to_json('test.json',·orient='table')	224	In·[4]:·df.to_json('test.json',·orient='table')

224	In·[5]:·new_df·=·pd.read_json('test.json',·orient='table')	225	In·[5]:·new_df·=·pd.read_json('test.json',·orient='table')

225	In·[6]:·new_df	226	In·[6]:·new_df
226	Out[6]:	227	Out[6]:
227	·····foo·bar········baz·qux	228	·····foo·bar········baz·qux
228	idx	229	idx
229	0······1···a·2018-01-01···a	230	0······1···a·2018-01-01···a
230	1······2···b·2018-01-02···b	231	1······2···b·2018-01-02···b
231	2······3···c·2018-01-03···c	232	2······3···c·2018-01-03···c
232	3······4···d·2018-01-04···c	233	3······4···d·2018-01-04···c

		234	[4·rows·x·4·columns]

233	In·[7]:·new_df.dtypes	235	In·[7]:·new_df.dtypes
234	Out[7]:	236	Out[7]:
235	foo·············int64	237	foo·············int64
236	bar············object	238	bar············object
237	baz····datetime64[ns]	239	baz····datetime64[ns]
238	qux··········category	240	qux··········category
239	dtype:·object	241	Length:·4,·dtype:·object
240	Please·note·that·the·string·index·is·not·supported·with·the·round·trip·format,	242	Please·note·that·the·string·index·is·not·supported·with·the·round·trip·format,
241	as·it·is·used·by·default·in·write_json·to·indicate·a·missing·index·name.	243	as·it·is·used·by·default·in·write_json·to·indicate·a·missing·index·name.
242	In·[8]:·df.index.name·=·'index'	244	In·[8]:·df.index.name·=·'index'

243	In·[9]:·df.to_json('test.json',·orient='table')	245	In·[9]:·df.to_json('test.json',·orient='table')

244	In·[10]:·new_df·=·pd.read_json('test.json',·orient='table')	246	In·[10]:·new_df·=·pd.read_json('test.json',·orient='table')
Offset 254, 41 lines modified		Offset 258, 47 lines modified
254	Out[11]:	258	Out[11]:
255	···foo·bar········baz·qux	259	···foo·bar········baz·qux
256	0····1···a·2018-01-01···a	260	0····1···a·2018-01-01···a
257	1····2···b·2018-01-02···b	261	1····2···b·2018-01-02···b
258	2····3···c·2018-01-03···c	262	2····3···c·2018-01-03···c
259	3····4···d·2018-01-04···c	263	3····4···d·2018-01-04···c

		264	[4·rows·x·4·columns]

260	In·[12]:·new_df.dtypes	265	In·[12]:·new_df.dtypes
261	Out[12]:	266	Out[12]:
262	foo·············int64	267	foo·············int64
263	bar············object	268	bar············object
264	baz····datetime64[ns]	269	baz····datetime64[ns]
265	qux··········category	270	qux··········category
266	dtype:·object	271	Length:·4,·dtype:·object
267	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.a\x8as\x8ss\x8si\x8ig\x8gn\x8n(\x8()\x8)·a\x8ac\x8cc\x8ce\x8ep\x8pt\x8ts\x8s·d\x8de\x8ep\x8pe\x8en\x8nd\x8de\x8en\x8nt\x8t·a\x8ar\x8rg\x8gu\x8um\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8ts\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	272	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8et\x8th\x8ho\x8od\x8d·.\x8.a\x8as\x8ss\x8si\x8ig\x8gn\x8n(\x8()\x8)·a\x8ac\x8cc\x8ce\x8ep\x8pt\x8ts\x8s·d\x8de\x8ep\x8pe\x8en\x8nd\x8de\x8en\x8nt\x8t·a\x8ar\x8rg\x8gu\x8um\x8me\x8en\x8nt\x8ts\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
268	The·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8a_\x8s_\x8s_\x8i_\x8g_\x8n_\x8(_\x8)·now·accepts·dependent·keyword·arguments·for·python	273	The·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8a_\x8s_\x8s_\x8i_\x8g_\x8n_\x8(_\x8)·now·accepts·dependent·keyword·arguments·for·python
269	version·later·than·3.6·(see·also·_\x8P_\x8E_\x8P_\x8·_\x84_\x86_\x88).·Later·keyword·arguments·may·now	274	version·later·than·3.6·(see·also·_\x8P_\x8E_\x8P_\x8·_\x84_\x86_\x88).·Later·keyword·arguments·may·now
270	refer·to·earlier·ones·if·the·argument·is·a·callable.·See·the·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8u_\x8m_\x8e_\x8n_\x8t_\x8a_\x8t_\x8i_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e	275	refer·to·earlier·ones·if·the·argument·is·a·callable.·See·the·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8u_\x8m_\x8e_\x8n_\x8t_\x8a_\x8t_\x8i_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e
271	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x82_\x80_\x87)	276	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x82_\x80_\x87)
272	In·[13]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'A':·[1,·2,·3]})	277	In·[13]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({'A':·[1,·2,·3]})

273	In·[14]:·df	278	In·[14]:·df
274	Out[14]:	279	Out[14]:
275	···A	280	···A
276	0··1	281	0··1
277	1··2	282	1··2
278	2··3	283	2··3

		284	[3·rows·x·1·columns]

279	In·[15]:·df.assign(B=df.A,·C=lambda·x:·x['A']·+·x['B'])	285	In·[15]:·df.assign(B=df.A,·C=lambda·x:·x['A']·+·x['B'])
280	Out[15]:	286	Out[15]:
281	···A··B··C	287	···A··B··C
282	0··1··1··2	288	0··1··1··2
283	1··2··2··4	289	1··2··2··4
284	2··3··3··6	290	2··3··3··6

		291	[3·rows·x·3·columns]
285	Warning	292	Warning
286	This·may·subtly·change·the·behavior·of·your·code·when·you’re·using·.assign()·to	293	This·may·subtly·change·the·behavior·of·your·code·when·you’re·using·.assign()·to
287	update·an·existing·column.·Previously,·callables·referring·to·other·variables	294	update·an·existing·column.·Previously,·callables·referring·to·other·variables
288	being·updated·would·get·the·“old”·values	295	being·updated·would·get·the·“old”·values
289	Previous·behavior:	296	Previous·behavior:
290	In·[2]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({"A":·[1,·2,·3]})	297	In·[2]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame({"A":·[1,·2,·3]})

Offset 301, 14 lines modified		Offset 311, 16 lines modified
301	New·behavior:	311	New·behavior:
302	In·[16]:·df.assign(A=df.A·+·1,·C=lambda·df:·df.A·*·-1)	312	In·[16]:·df.assign(A=df.A·+·1,·C=lambda·df:·df.A·*·-1)
303	Out[16]:	313	Out[16]:
304	···A··C	314	···A··C
305	0··2·-2	315	0··2·-2
306	1··3·-3	316	1··3·-3
307	2··4·-4	317	2··4·-4

		318	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
308	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8er\x8rg\x8gi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·o\x8on\x8n·a\x8a·c\x8co\x8om\x8mb\x8bi\x8in\x8na\x8at\x8ti\x8io\x8on\x8n·o\x8of\x8f·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s·a\x8an\x8nd\x8d·i\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·l\x8le\x8ev\x8ve\x8el\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	319	\x8\x8\x8\x8·M\x8Me\x8er\x8rg\x8gi\x8in\x8ng\x8g·o\x8on\x8n·a\x8a·c\x8co\x8om\x8mb\x8bi\x8in\x8na\x8at\x8ti\x8io\x8on\x8n·o\x8of\x8f·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s·a\x8an\x8nd\x8d·i\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·l\x8le\x8ev\x8ve\x8el\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
309	Strings·passed·to·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8m_\x8e_\x8r_\x8g_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·as·the·on,·left_on,·and·right_on·parameters	320	Strings·passed·to·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8m_\x8e_\x8r_\x8g_\x8e_\x8(_\x8)·as·the·on,·left_on,·and·right_on·parameters
310	may·now·refer·to·either·column·names·or·index·level·names.·This·enables·merging	321	may·now·refer·to·either·column·names·or·index·level·names.·This·enables·merging
311	DataFrame·instances·on·a·combination·of·index·levels·and·columns·without	322	DataFrame·instances·on·a·combination·of·index·levels·and·columns·without
312	resetting·indexes.·See·the·_\x8M_\x8e_\x8r_\x8g_\x8e_\x8·_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8c_\x8o_\x8l_\x8u_\x8m_\x8n_\x8s_\x8·_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8·_\x8l_\x8e_\x8v_\x8e_\x8l_\x8s·documentation·section.	323	resetting·indexes.·See·the·_\x8M_\x8e_\x8r_\x8g_\x8e_\x8·_\x8o_\x8n_\x8·_\x8c_\x8o_\x8l_\x8u_\x8m_\x8n_\x8s_\x8·_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8·_\x8l_\x8e_\x8v_\x8e_\x8l_\x8s·documentation·section.
313	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x83_\x85_\x85)	324	(_\x8G_\x8H_\x8·_\x81_\x84_\x83_\x85_\x85)
314	In·[17]:·left_index·=·pd.Index(['K0',·'K0',·'K1',·'K2'],·name='key1')	325	In·[17]:·left_index·=·pd.Index(['K0',·'K0',·'K1',·'K2'],·name='key1')
Offset 330, 14 lines modified		Offset 342, 16 lines modified
330	In·[21]:·left.merge(right,·on=['key1',·'key2'])	342	In·[21]:·left.merge(right,·on=['key1',·'key2'])
331	Out[21]:	343	Out[21]:
332	·······A···B·key2···C···D	344	·······A···B·key2···C···D
333	key1	345	key1
334	K0····A0··B0···K0··C0··D0	346	K0····A0··B0···K0··C0··D0
335	K1····A2··B2···K0··C1··D1	347	K1····A2··B2···K0··C1··D1
336	K2····A3··B3···K1··C3··D3	348	K2····A3··B3···K1··C3··D3

		349	[3·rows·x·5·columns]
337	\x8\x8\x8\x8·S\x8So\x8or\x8rt\x8ti\x8in\x8ng\x8g·b\x8by\x8y·a\x8a·c\x8co\x8om\x8mb\x8bi\x8in\x8na\x8at\x8ti\x8io\x8on\x8n·o\x8of\x8f·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s·a\x8an\x8nd\x8d·i\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·l\x8le\x8ev\x8ve\x8el\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	350	\x8\x8\x8\x8·S\x8So\x8or\x8rt\x8ti\x8in\x8ng\x8g·b\x8by\x8y·a\x8a·c\x8co\x8om\x8mb\x8bi\x8in\x8na\x8at\x8ti\x8io\x8on\x8n·o\x8of\x8f·c\x8co\x8ol\x8lu\x8um\x8mn\x8ns\x8s·a\x8an\x8nd\x8d·i\x8in\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·l\x8le\x8ev\x8ve\x8el\x8ls\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
338	Strings·passed·to·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8s_\x8o_\x8r_\x8t_\x8__\x8v_\x8a_\x8l_\x8u_\x8e_\x8s_\x8(_\x8)·as·the·by·parameter·may·now·refer·to	351	Strings·passed·to·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e_\x8._\x8s_\x8o_\x8r_\x8t_\x8__\x8v_\x8a_\x8l_\x8u_\x8e_\x8s_\x8(_\x8)·as·the·by·parameter·may·now·refer·to
339	either·column·names·or·index·level·names.·This·enables·sorting·DataFrame	352	either·column·names·or·index·level·names.·This·enables·sorting·DataFrame
340	instances·by·a·combination·of·index·levels·and·columns·without·resetting	353	instances·by·a·combination·of·index·levels·and·columns·without·resetting
341	indexes.·See·the·_\x8S_\x8o_\x8r_\x8t_\x8i_\x8n_\x8g_\x8·_\x8b_\x8y_\x8·_\x8I_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x_\x8e_\x8s_\x8·_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8·_\x8V_\x8a_\x8l_\x8u_\x8e_\x8s·documentation·section.·(_\x8G_\x8H	354	indexes.·See·the·_\x8S_\x8o_\x8r_\x8t_\x8i_\x8n_\x8g_\x8·_\x8b_\x8y_\x8·_\x8I_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x_\x8e_\x8s_\x8·_\x8a_\x8n_\x8d_\x8·_\x8V_\x8a_\x8l_\x8u_\x8e_\x8s·documentation·section.·(_\x8G_\x8H
342	_\x81_\x84_\x83_\x85_\x83)	355	_\x81_\x84_\x83_\x85_\x83)
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./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/whatsnew/v0.24.0.html ¶

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Offset 268, 18 lines modified		Offset 268, 18 lines modified
268	each·time.	268	each·time.
269	In·[18]:·idx.values	269	In·[18]:·idx.values
270	Out[18]:	270	Out[18]:
271	array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),	271	array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),
272	·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)	272	·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)

273	In·[19]:·id(idx.values)	273	In·[19]:·id(idx.values)
274	Out[19]:·1~~402~~6~~3739808464~~	274	Out[19]:·139868208517392

275	In·[20]:·id(idx.values)	275	In·[20]:·id(idx.values)
276	Out[20]:·1~~402~~6~~3739805968~~	276	Out[20]:·139868208517392
277	If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s_\x8._\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8p_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)·or·Index.to_numpy().	277	If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·_\x8S_\x8e_\x8r_\x8i_\x8e_\x8s_\x8._\x8t_\x8o_\x8__\x8n_\x8u_\x8m_\x8p_\x8y_\x8(_\x8)·or·Index.to_numpy().
278	In·[21]:·idx.to_numpy()	278	In·[21]:·idx.to_numpy()
279	Out[21]:	279	Out[21]:
280	array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),	280	array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),
281	·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)	281	·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)

282	In·[22]:·pd.Series(idx).to_numpy()	282	In·[22]:·pd.Series(idx).to_numpy()


Offset 1245, 25 lines modified		Offset 1245, 23 lines modified
1245	In·[141]:·indexer·=·np.arange(10000)	1245	In·[141]:·indexer·=·np.arange(10000)

1246	In·[142]:·random.shuffle(indexer)	1246	In·[142]:·random.shuffle(indexer)

1247	In·[143]:·%timeit·arr[indexer]	1247	In·[143]:·%timeit·arr[indexer]
1248	···.....:·%timeit·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)	1248	···.....:·%timeit·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)
1249	···.....:	1249	···.....:
		1250	3.07·ms·+-·323·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)
1250	The·slowest·run·took·5.75·times·longer·than·the·fastest.·This·could·mean·that
1251	an·intermediate·result·is·being·cached.
1252	~~440~~·us·+-·~~381~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1,000·loops·each)	1251	634·us·+-·212·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1,000·loops·each)
1253	95.1·us·+-·5.13·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10,000·loops·each)
1254	In·[144]:·ser·=·pd.Series(arr[:,·0])	1252	In·[144]:·ser·=·pd.Series(arr[:,·0])

1255	In·[145]:·%timeit·ser.iloc[indexer]	1253	In·[145]:·%timeit·ser.iloc[indexer]
1256	···.....:·%timeit·ser.take(indexer)	1254	···.....:·%timeit·ser.take(indexer)
1257	···.....:	1255	···.....:
		1256	3.37·ms·+-·505·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)
1258	~~160~~·us·+-·8~~.46~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1~~0,0~~00·loops·each)	1257	3.76·ms·+-·678·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)
1259	143·us·+-·1.9·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10,000·loops·each)
1260	\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·t\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8	1258	\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8·I\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x·t\x8ty\x8yp\x8pe\x8es\x8s_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8\x8
1261	We·have·discussed·MultiIndex·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.	1259	We·have·discussed·MultiIndex·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.
1262	Documentation·about·DatetimeIndex·and·PeriodIndex·are·shown·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e,·and	1260	Documentation·about·DatetimeIndex·and·PeriodIndex·are·shown·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e,·and
1263	documentation·about·TimedeltaIndex·is·found·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e.	1261	documentation·about·TimedeltaIndex·is·found·_\x8h_\x8e_\x8r_\x8e.
1264	In·the·following·sub-sections·we·will·highlight·some·other·index·types.	1262	In·the·following·sub-sections·we·will·highlight·some·other·index·types.
1265	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8lI\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8	1263	\x8\x8\x8\x8·C\x8Ca\x8at\x8te\x8eg\x8go\x8or\x8ri\x8ic\x8ca\x8al\x8lI\x8In\x8nd\x8de\x8ex\x8x_\x8#\x8#·\x8\x8\x8\x8
1266	_\x8C_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8g_\x8o_\x8r_\x8i_\x8c_\x8a_\x8l_\x8I_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x·is·a·type·of·index·that·is·useful·for·supporting·indexing·with	1264	_\x8C_\x8a_\x8t_\x8e_\x8g_\x8o_\x8r_\x8i_\x8c_\x8a_\x8l_\x8I_\x8n_\x8d_\x8e_\x8x·is·a·type·of·index·that·is·useful·for·supporting·indexing·with


Offset 1086, 16 lines modified		Offset 1086, 16 lines modified
1086	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">files</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pathlib</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Path</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"data/timeseries/"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">glob</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"ts*.parquet"</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1086	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">files</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pathlib</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Path</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"data/timeseries/"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">glob</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"ts*.parquet"</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1087	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">dtype</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1087	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">dtype</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1088	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">path</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">files</span><span·class="p">:</span>	1088	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">path</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">files</span><span·class="p">:</span>
1089	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_parquet</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">path</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1089	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_parquet</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">path</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1090	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">add</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"name"</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="n">fill_value</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1090	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">add</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"name"</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="n">fill_value</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1091	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">astype</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1091	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">astype</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1092	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>	1092	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>
1093	<span·class="go">CPU·times:·user·417·us,·sys:·277·us,·total:·694·us</span>	1093	<span·class="go">CPU·times:·user·0·ns,·sys:·2·ms,·total:·2·ms</span>
1094	<span·class="go">Wall·time:·704·us</span>	1094	<span·class="go">Wall·time:·10·ms</span>
1095	<span·class="gh">Out[32]:·</span><span·class="go">Series([],·dtype:·int64)</span>	1095	<span·class="gh">Out[32]:·</span><span·class="go">Series([],·dtype:·int64)</span>
1096	</pre></div>	1096	</pre></div>
1097	</div>	1097	</div>
1098	<p>Some·readers,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.read_csv.html#pandas.read_csv"·title="pandas.read_csv"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.read_csv()</span></code></a>,·offer·parameters·to·control·the	1098	<p>Some·readers,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.read_csv.html#pandas.read_csv"·title="pandas.read_csv"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.read_csv()</span></code></a>,·offer·parameters·to·control·the
1099	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·when·reading·a·single·file.</p>	1099	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·when·reading·a·single·file.</p>
1100	<p>Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t	1100	<p>Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t
1101	require·too·sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.groupby.html#pandas.DataFrame.groupby"·title="pandas.DataFrame.groupby"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.DataFrame.groupby()</span></code></a>,·are	1101	require·too·sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.groupby.html#pandas.DataFrame.groupby"·title="pandas.DataFrame.groupby"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.DataFrame.groupby()</span></code></a>,·are


Offset 965, 18 lines modified		Offset 965, 18 lines modified

965	······In·[94]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,	965	······In·[94]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,
966	······ncols))	966	······ncols))
967	·········....:·······················for·_·in·range(4)]	967	·········....:·······················for·_·in·range(4)]
968	·········....:	968	·········....:
969	······#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend	969	······#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend
970	······In·[95]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')	970	······In·[95]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')
971	······~~4.02~~·ms·+-·~~328~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)	971	······70.5·ms·+-·11.9·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)
972	······#·pure·Python·evaluation	972	······#·pure·Python·evaluation
973	······In·[96]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	973	······In·[96]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
974	······3~~.55~~·ms·+-·42.8·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·100·loops·each)	974	······108·ms·+-·5.81·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
975	······For·more·details,·see·the·_\x8t_\x8h_\x8e_\x8·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8s	975	······For·more·details,·see·the·_\x8t_\x8h_\x8e_\x8·_\x8d_\x8o_\x8c_\x8s
976	····*·Similar·to·pandas.eval,·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e·has·a·new·DataFrame.eval·method·that	976	····*·Similar·to·pandas.eval,·_\x8D_\x8a_\x8t_\x8a_\x8F_\x8r_\x8a_\x8m_\x8e·has·a·new·DataFrame.eval·method·that
977	······evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of·the·DataFrame.·For·example,	977	······evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of·the·DataFrame.·For·example,
978	······In·[97]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,·2),·columns=['a',·'b'])	978	······In·[97]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,·2),·columns=['a',·'b'])

979	······In·[98]:·df.eval('a·+·b')	979	······In·[98]:·df.eval('a·+·b')
980	······Out[98]:	980	······Out[98]:


Offset 820, 18 lines modified		Offset 820, 18 lines modified
820	a·new·ndarray·of·period·objects·each·time.</p>	820	a·new·ndarray·of·period·objects·each·time.</p>
821	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[18]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span>	821	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[18]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span>
822	<span·class="gh">Out[18]:·</span>	822	<span·class="gh">Out[18]:·</span>
823	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>	823	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>
824	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>	824	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>

825	<span·class="gp">In·[19]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>	825	<span·class="gp">In·[19]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>
826	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">1~~402~~6~~3739808464~~</span>	826	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">139868208517392</span>

827	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>	827	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>
828	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go">1~~402~~6~~3739805968~~</span>	828	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go">139868208517392</span>
829	</pre></div>	829	</pre></div>
830	</div>	830	</div>
831	<p>If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Series.to_numpy.html#pandas.Series.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Series.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series.to_numpy()</span></code></a>·or·<code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Index.to_numpy()</span></code>.</p>	831	<p>If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Series.to_numpy.html#pandas.Series.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Series.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series.to_numpy()</span></code></a>·or·<code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Index.to_numpy()</span></code>.</p>
832	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[21]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_numpy</span><span·class="p">()</span>	832	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[21]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_numpy</span><span·class="p">()</span>
833	<span·class="gh">Out[21]:·</span>	833	<span·class="gh">Out[21]:·</span>
834	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>	834	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>
835	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>	835	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>


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Offset 592, 31 lines modified		Offset 592, 31 lines modified
592	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>········<span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">+=</span>·<span·class="n">f</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">a</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">i</span>·<span·class="o">*</span>·<span·class="n">dx</span><span·class="p">)</span>	592	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>········<span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">+=</span>·<span·class="n">f</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">a</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">i</span>·<span·class="o">*</span>·<span·class="n">dx</span><span·class="p">)</span>
593	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····<span·class="k">return</span>·<span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">*</span>·<span·class="n">dx</span>	593	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····<span·class="k">return</span>·<span·class="n">s</span>·<span·class="o">*</span>·<span·class="n">dx</span>
594	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>	594	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>
595	</pre></div>	595	</pre></div>
596	</div>	596	</div>
597	<p>We·achieve·our·result·by·using·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.apply.html#pandas.DataFrame.apply"·title="pandas.DataFrame.apply"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.apply()</span></code></a>·(row-wise):</p>	597	<p>We·achieve·our·result·by·using·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.apply.html#pandas.DataFrame.apply"·title="pandas.DataFrame.apply"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.apply()</span></code></a>·(row-wise):</p>
598	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)	598	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)
599	<span·class="go">73.~~9·m~~s·+-·~~3.3~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	599	<span·class="go">1.06·s·+-·161·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1·loop·each)</span>
600	</pre></div>	600	</pre></div>
601	</div>	601	</div>
602	<p>Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation	602	<p>Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation
603	using·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-prun">prun·ipython·magic·function</a>:</p>	603	using·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-prun">prun·ipython·magic·function</a>:</p>
604	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·most·time·consuming·4·calls</span>	604	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·most·time·consuming·4·calls</span>
605	<span·class="gp">In·[6]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)··#·noqa·E999	605	<span·class="gp">In·[6]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x["a"],·x["b"],·x["N"]),·axis=1)··#·noqa·E999
606	<span·class="go">·········605946·function·calls·(605928·primitive·calls)·in·0.~~240~~·seconds</span>	606	<span·class="go">·········605946·function·calls·(605928·primitive·calls)·in·3.519·seconds</span>

607	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>	607	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>
608	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·159·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>	608	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·159·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>

609	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>	609	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>
610	<span·class="go">·····1000····0.~~147~~····0.000····0.~~209~~····0.000·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1(integrate_f)</span>	610	<span·class="go">·····1000····1.890····0.002····2.710····0.003·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1(integrate_f)</span>
611	<span·class="go">···552423····0.~~063~~····0.000····0.~~063~~····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1(f)</span>	611	<span·class="go">···552423····0.820····0.000····0.820····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1(f)</span>
612	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.~~005~~····0.000····0.~~020~~····0.000·s~~eri~~es.py:~~1095~~(__getit~~em__~~)</span>	612	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.140····0.000····0.141····0.000·base.py:3777(get_loc)</span>
613	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.~~003~~····0.000····0.~~009~~····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)</span>	613	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.134····0.000····0.321····0.000·series.py:1220(_get_value)</span>
614	</pre></div>	614	</pre></div>
615	</div>	615	</div>
616	<p>By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">integrate_f</span></code>·or·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">f</span></code>,	616	<p>By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">integrate_f</span></code>·or·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">f</span></code>,
617	hence·we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.</p>	617	hence·we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.</p>
618	</section>	618	</section>
619	<section·id="plain-cython">	619	<section·id="plain-cython">
620	<span·id="enhancingperf-plain"></span><h3>Plain·Cython<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plain-cython"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>	620	<span·id="enhancingperf-plain"></span><h3>Plain·Cython<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plain-cython"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h3>
Offset 634, 15 lines modified		Offset 634, 15 lines modified
634	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····for·i·in·range(N):	634	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····for·i·in·range(N):
635	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>········s·+=·f_plain(a·+·i·*·dx)	635	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>········s·+=·f_plain(a·+·i·*·dx)
636	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····return·s·*·dx	636	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>····return·s·*·dx
637	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>	637	<span·class="gp">···...:·</span>
638	</pre></div>	638	</pre></div>
639	</div>	639	</div>


Offset 835, 14 lines modified		Offset 835, 16 lines modified
835	<span·class="gh">Out[12]:·</span>	835	<span·class="gh">Out[12]:·</span>
836	<span·class="go">············group··val</span>	836	<span·class="go">············group··val</span>
837	<span·class="go">date··················</span>	837	<span·class="go">date··················</span>
838	<span·class="go">2016-01-03······1····5</span>	838	<span·class="go">2016-01-03······1····5</span>
839	<span·class="go">2016-01-10······1····6</span>	839	<span·class="go">2016-01-10······1····6</span>
840	<span·class="go">2016-01-17······2····7</span>	840	<span·class="go">2016-01-17······2····7</span>
841	<span·class="go">2016-01-24······2····8</span>	841	<span·class="go">2016-01-24······2····8</span>

		842	<span·class="go">[4·rows·x·2·columns]</span>
842	</pre></div>	843	</pre></div>
843	</div>	844	</div>
844	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="n">In</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">]:</span>·<span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"group"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">apply</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"1D"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">ffill</span><span·class="p">())</span>	845	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="n">In</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">]:</span>·<span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"group"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">apply</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"1D"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">ffill</span><span·class="p">())</span>
845	<span·class="n">Out</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">]:</span>	846	<span·class="n">Out</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">]:</span>
846	··················<span·class="n">group</span>··<span·class="n">val</span>	847	··················<span·class="n">group</span>··<span·class="n">val</span>
847	<span·class="n">group</span>·<span·class="n">date</span>	848	<span·class="n">group</span>·<span·class="n">date</span>
848	<span·class="mi">1</span>·····<span·class="mi">2016</span><span·class="o">-</span><span·class="mi">01</span><span·class="o">-</span><span·class="mi">03</span>······<span·class="mi">1</span>····<span·class="mi">5</span>	849	<span·class="mi">1</span>·····<span·class="mi">2016</span><span·class="o">-</span><span·class="mi">01</span><span·class="o">-</span><span·class="mi">03</span>······<span·class="mi">1</span>····<span·class="mi">5</span>
Offset 905, 48 lines modified		Offset 907, 54 lines modified

905	<span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">where</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span>·<span·class="o">></span>·<span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="mi">10</span><span·class="p">)</span>	907	<span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">where</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span>·<span·class="o">></span>·<span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="mi">10</span><span·class="p">)</span>
906	<span·class="gh">Out[14]:·</span>	908	<span·class="gh">Out[14]:·</span>
907	<span·class="go">····A···B··C</span>	909	<span·class="go">····A···B··C</span>
908	<span·class="go">0··11··14··7</span>	910	<span·class="go">0··11··14··7</span>
909	<span·class="go">1··12···5··8</span>	911	<span·class="go">1··12···5··8</span>
910	<span·class="go">2··13···6··9</span>	912	<span·class="go">2··13···6··9</span>

		913	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·3·columns]</span>
911	</pre></div>	914	</pre></div>
912	</div>	915	</div>
913	</section>	916	</section>
914	<section·id="methods-loc-iloc-ix">	917	<section·id="methods-loc-iloc-ix">
915	<h4>Methods·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.loc[]</span></code>,·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.iloc[]</span></code>,·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.ix[]</span></code><a·class="headerlink"·href="#methods-loc-iloc-ix"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h4>	918	<h4>Methods·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.loc[]</span></code>,·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.iloc[]</span></code>,·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.ix[]</span></code><a·class="headerlink"·href="#methods-loc-iloc-ix"·title="Link·to·this·heading">#</a></h4>
916	<p>These·can·accept·a·callable,·and·a·tuple·of·callable·as·a·slicer.·The·callable	919	<p>These·can·accept·a·callable,·and·a·tuple·of·callable·as·a·slicer.·The·callable
917	can·return·a·valid·boolean·indexer·or·anything·which·is·valid·for·these·indexer’s·input.</p>	920	can·return·a·valid·boolean·indexer·or·anything·which·is·valid·for·these·indexer’s·input.</p>
918	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·callable·returns·bool·indexer</span>	921	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·callable·returns·bool·indexer</span>
919	<span·class="gp">In·[15]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">A</span>·<span·class="o">>=</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">></span>·<span·class="mi">10</span><span·class="p">]</span>	922	<span·class="gp">In·[15]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">A</span>·<span·class="o">>=</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">x</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">sum</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">></span>·<span·class="mi">10</span><span·class="p">]</span>
920	<span·class="gh">Out[15]:·</span>	923	<span·class="gh">Out[15]:·</span>
921	<span·class="go">···B··C</span>	924	<span·class="go">···B··C</span>
922	<span·class="go">1··5··8</span>	925	<span·class="go">1··5··8</span>


Offset 756, 41 lines modified		Offset 756, 49 lines modified
756	<span·class="gp">In·[3]:·</span><span·class="n">left</span>	756	<span·class="gp">In·[3]:·</span><span·class="n">left</span>
757	<span·class="gh">Out[3]:·</span>	757	<span·class="gh">Out[3]:·</span>
758	<span·class="go">····a·left_val</span>	758	<span·class="go">····a·left_val</span>
759	<span·class="go">0···1········a</span>	759	<span·class="go">0···1········a</span>
760	<span·class="go">1···5········b</span>	760	<span·class="go">1···5········b</span>
761	<span·class="go">2··10········c</span>	761	<span·class="go">2··10········c</span>

		762	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>

762	<span·class="gp">In·[4]:·</span><span·class="n">right</span>	763	<span·class="gp">In·[4]:·</span><span·class="n">right</span>
763	<span·class="gh">Out[4]:·</span>	764	<span·class="gh">Out[4]:·</span>
764	<span·class="go">···a··right_val</span>	765	<span·class="go">···a··right_val</span>
765	<span·class="go">0··1··········1</span>	766	<span·class="go">0··1··········1</span>
766	<span·class="go">1··2··········2</span>	767	<span·class="go">1··2··········2</span>
767	<span·class="go">2··3··········3</span>	768	<span·class="go">2··3··········3</span>
768	<span·class="go">3··6··········6</span>	769	<span·class="go">3··6··········6</span>
769	<span·class="go">4··7··········7</span>	770	<span·class="go">4··7··········7</span>

		771	<span·class="go">[5·rows·x·2·columns]</span>
770	</pre></div>	772	</pre></div>
771	</div>	773	</div>
772	<p>We·typically·want·to·match·exactly·when·possible,·and·use·the·most	774	<p>We·typically·want·to·match·exactly·when·possible,·and·use·the·most
773	recent·value·otherwise.</p>	775	recent·value·otherwise.</p>
774	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">merge_asof</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">left</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">right</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">on</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">)</span>	776	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">merge_asof</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">left</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">right</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">on</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">)</span>
775	<span·class="gh">Out[5]:·</span>	777	<span·class="gh">Out[5]:·</span>
776	<span·class="go">····a·left_val··right_val</span>	778	<span·class="go">····a·left_val··right_val</span>
777	<span·class="go">0···1········a··········1</span>	779	<span·class="go">0···1········a··········1</span>
778	<span·class="go">1···5········b··········3</span>	780	<span·class="go">1···5········b··········3</span>
779	<span·class="go">2··10········c··········7</span>	781	<span·class="go">2··10········c··········7</span>

		782	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·3·columns]</span>
780	</pre></div>	783	</pre></div>
781	</div>	784	</div>
782	<p>We·can·also·match·rows·ONLY·with·prior·data,·and·not·an·exact·match.</p>	785	<p>We·can·also·match·rows·ONLY·with·prior·data,·and·not·an·exact·match.</p>
783	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[6]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">merge_asof</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">left</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">right</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">on</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">allow_exact_matches</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span>	786	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[6]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">merge_asof</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">left</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">right</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">on</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s2">"a"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">allow_exact_matches</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">False</span><span·class="p">)</span>
784	<span·class="gh">Out[6]:·</span>	787	<span·class="gh">Out[6]:·</span>
785	<span·class="go">····a·left_val··right_val</span>	788	<span·class="go">····a·left_val··right_val</span>
786	<span·class="go">0···1········a········NaN</span>	789	<span·class="go">0···1········a········NaN</span>